Comparison of Odyssey, Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost...

A Comparison of Odyssey, Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost Epics by definition are long narrative poems, that are grand in both theme and style (Webster 417). They usually involve actions of great glory and are typically centered around historical or legendary events of universal significance. Most epics deal with the deeds of a single individual, however, it is not uncommon to have more than one main character. Epics embody several main features including: supernatural forces, sometimes the deity of the time, that shape the action; battles or other forms of physical combat; and a formal statement of the theme of the epic. Everyday details of life are commonplace and intricately woven†¦show more content†¦Throughout his travels he along with his men sailed to many strange lands. These great adventures included tricking Polyphemus a Cyclops by being nobody (Norton 320), sailing to the end of the world and descending into Hell (Norton 340), successfully battling Scylla, a six-headed monster that devoured passing seamen (Norton 361) and finally, passing safely around a terrible whirlpool (Norton 366 - 367). During his descent into Hell, Odysseus meets a sear who foretells that his wanderings would not end until peace is made with Poseidon. This sear also tells him that he will return home and re-establish himself as king. Finally as the Odyssey concludes, Odysseus does return home to a house and country in turmoil. His wife is besieged by suitors, his son is now a grown man and his country is facing certain civil war. In the final acts, order is restored with the assistance of the goddess Athene. In Dantes epic, The Divine Comedy, he tells of a journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. This epic is divided into three sections. In each of the sections he meets with mythological, historical, and contemporary individuals. Each individual encountered during the journey represents a religious or political symbol of fault or virtue. In addition, specific punishments and rewards areShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the Middle Ages, art and philosophy has been lost in darkness, but with the reintroduction of ideas that came with the Renaissance in Italy, brought about a literary revival. One of the writers that influenced this revival is Dante Alighieri, a 13th century poet from Florence, Italy. His world famous epic, La Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expresses aRead More Dantes Motivation to Write The Divine Comedy Essay3226 Words   |  13 PagesMotivation to Write The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia) To truly comprehend Dante’s Divine Comedy, although complete comprehension is not necessary to enjoy this literary masterpiece, there are several skills one might need to acquire. For instance, one helpful piece of knowledge would be the ability to fluently speak Italian, since the many translations differ being able to have read Dante’s actual written words and understand them would make reading the Divine Comedy a bit more personalRead MoreThe Power Of Knowledge Is A Fundamental Component Of Being Human1994 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst humans, shows how knowledge was first obtained, showing from an early age that man understood its importance. Aesop’s fables from ancient times use the acquisition and application of knowledge as a cornerstone for their construction. Homer’s Odyssey and Dante’s Inferno, both great recognized works, demonstrate protagonists with prudent minds, and the rewards that follow their actions. Prudence was a highly val ued attribute to these authors, in which knowledge, both possessing and applying, is

Essay about Outlaw Euthanasia and Assisted Suicides

Outlaw Euthanasia and Assisted Suicides The people of the world today are constantly slammed with problems. There’s overpopulated countries, starving children, incurable diseases, and poverty. There’re drunk drivers on the road, burglars in our homes, and teenagers on the streets. No matter how many positive aspects you can think of for our world, these problems and many more exist. You can try to block them out, or you can strive to make them better. My proposal is to end euthanasia and physician assisted suicides. I believe that this treatment of life is wrong, and can be solved in other ways. Victims of depression, dementia, terminal illnesses, and personal reasons individuals find to die should not be relieved of their†¦show more content†¦Ali Khalili had told his doctor that â€Å"the quality of his life had been compromised by an anxiety state.† Kevorkian assisted them all to die (Death 4). These people represent the extent of discrimination that exists in our society. With appropriate t reatment and services, many of them would be alive and well today. My proposal to end this treatment of terminating lives is to outlaw it, and not just in the United States, but everywhere. I believe people have the right to do as they please, but suicide is an action that should be prevented in every way possible, not assisted for success. As far as I am aware, all countries outlaw the sale and use of heroin. There is no right to sell heroin. There is no right to take heroin. These are just a couple of things for which no legal right exists. To people who say that physician-assisted suicide is a right, as if that should be the end of all discussion and debate, I say there are many things that are not rights. Many of these are ones that would hurt the individual for whom you claim these rights. Yes, there are cases where society must protect people from themselves, whether from addiction to harmful drugs, compulsive gambling, or from a depression or other mental ailment that dictates that they destroy their own lives. Assisted suicides and euthanasi a are two rights that people should not have, and I believe the right shouldn’t even be considered. If the idea of assisted suicides wasShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Euthanasia754 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia In 1478-1535 euthanasia was first mentioned in the book â€Å"utopia† by sir Thomas More. The utopian priests encouraged euthanasia when a patient is terminally ill or dying. The earliest American statute explicitly to outlaw assisted suicide was enacted in NewYork 1828. Until the end of the nineteenth century euthanasia was regarded as a peaceful death and art of accomplishment, it was often referred to as â€Å"de euthanasia medica prolusion†. (life.org) When a person commits an act of euthanasiaRead MoreAssisted Suicide And The Euthanasia Movement1273 Words   |  6 PagesAssisted Suicide Imagine being in enough excruciating pain for a long enough time and deciding that even dying would be better. Assisted suicide is affecting more people around the world every day; either under agreeable or disagreeable terms, depending on each person’s opinion. What is assisted suicide and why is controversy over this topic still here after at least 1,500 years of existence (A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America)? There are many factors to consider whenRead MoreThe Debate About Euthanasia And Euthanasia1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe debates about euthanasia date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. The church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injured individual people and their communities, but also violated God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reforma tion writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay muchRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue overRead MoreEuthanasi A Very Gentle And Easy Death1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Euthanasia is derived from the Greek words, Eu (good) and Thanatosis (death) meaning a very gentle and easy death. The definition of euthanasia has now come down to â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.† Therefore, this term can be also called â€Å"mercy killing†. In this sense euthanasia means the active or inactive death of a patient. This form ofRead MoreThe Killer of Hope: Euthanasia1076 Words   |  4 PagesWhen asked, â€Å"Why it is important to accept Euthanasia?† the answer is always about releasing patient from pain, but why take a naà ¯ve solution when there is hope? Take a second and think about how will a one say goodbye to the ones he love? The answer is obvious, it is impossible to let go of those we love. Hence, one should keep an open mind to the following lines whether you are against or for Euthanasia. Euthanasia or so called physician assisted death stand for intended cessation of person’s lifeRead MoreEuthanasia Is A Form Of Doctor Assisted Suicide1379 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is a form of doctor assisted suicide. There are many different types of Euthanasia and all are currently illegal in the United States with the exception of the state of Oregon. When a patient is being Euthanized they can be given an injection intravenously which causes their dea th this is called Euthanasia by action. A person could also be assisted to death through euthanasia by omission; this is when the patient is not provided with the appropriate things such as food or water. Also patientsRead MoreEuthanasia Outline2346 Words   |  10 PagesEuthanasia:  the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. (The key word here is intentional. If death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia)   †¢ Voluntary euthanasia:  When the person who is killed has requested to be killed.   †¢ Non-voluntary:  When the person who is killed made no request and gave no consent.   †¢ Involuntary euthanasia:  When the person who is killed made an expressed wish to the contrary.   †¢ AssistedRead MoreOne Of The Main Supreme Court Cases Leading The Legalization1414 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the main supreme court cases leading the legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS), which took place in the state of New York was the Vacco vs. Quill decided on June 26 1997. In this case Quill lost 0-9 when they challenged the Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) ban from New York as they stated that it violated the 14th amendment clause of Equal Protection. This lead to a debate whether passive euthanasia should be allowed which is when a patient refuses treatment and dies of a naturalRead MoreAssisted Suicide Should Be Option1691 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide Should Be Option Lauren Bacall once said, â€Å"A man’s illness is his private territory and, no matter how much he loves you and how close you are, you stay an outsider. You are healthy.† This quote makes the point that no one knows exactly what someone with an incurable illness is going through. We are all outsiders. So, who is to say, for example, physician assisted suicide should be illegal? If a person has the constitutional right to live then a person should have the right to choose

Example of Bad Essay Writting Free Essays

TREASURE HUNT On one fine day, me and my four other friends were planned to have sushi’s as our lunch at the famous Japanese restaurant that just opened recently. While heading to the restaurant, I’ve noticed that there is an old man having a difficulty collecting his stuffs that just fell on the street. Thus, we decided to help the old man collecting his stuffs back to his bag. We will write a custom essay sample on Example of Bad Essay Writting or any similar topic only for you Order Now While collecting his stuffs, we noticed that, there are lots of old things such as an old paper and many more. After we’ve finished picked up his stuffs and placed it properly in his bag, the old man thanks us for helping him picking up his stuffs. Then, the old man wants to thanks us by giving out one of his stuffs which old papers that looks just like a mystery map. The old man told us it is not an old piece of an ordinary paper, it is a lost treasure map that will guide us to find a treasure that has been buried in a jungle called Goggie jungle. At first we don’t believe wheatear the old man is telling us the truth or not. But after listened to his interesting story, we were really curious whether there is a treasure buried in the Goggie jungle or not. Thus we all have decided to have an expedition together to hunt the buried treasure hiding in the jungle. A week before we went to the jungle, we have planned on what to bring along and what not to. Thus we have listed out the reason why we chosen the items to bring along with us in our expedition. First must item that we have chosen to bring along are spade. The purpose of a spade is to help us dig out the buried treasure. Plus, it is also can be used as one of our self defend items that could help us kill or chase away wild animals that could be found in the jungle such as snakes or even wild lizards that could cause us to be in a danger while in the jungle. Since it is a very useful item, we decided to bring two spades along with us for the expedition. Secondly, we have chosen to bring a compass together with us. A compass is used to identified and guide us towards to the location of the buried treasure from the map. Thus, the main function of compass is to shows the direction that we should follow in order us to find the exact location in the jungle and this could also help us from getting lost in the jungle. Next, we have chosen to bring a rope along with us the expedition. The purpose of a rope is to help us cross the river that might be blocking us way towards the treasure location. Other than that, a rope is used to help us to go up and down the steep hill and helps us to tie the tent. The fourth item that we have chosen to bring along with us is torchlight. A torchlight is used as a light sources at night and it is also can be used as an S. O. S sign if we ever get lost in the jungle. In addition, torchlight can also be used as a self-defend item where, the light could help us chase wild animals that could be hiding behind the bushes at night. Furthermore, we have chosen to bring a knife together with us. The purpose of a knife is to cut off the bushes that might be preventing our way towards to our destination. It is also used as a self-defend if we are in a danger while in the jungle. Plus, a knife is used as a cooking utensil item where, we used a knife to cut off fruits or vegetables that we could find in the jungle. Last but not least, a compulsory item that we must bring along with us in the expedition is binocular. A binocular is to look out things that are far away from us. This could help us to stay alert and prevent us with things that might cause us to be in danger while in jungle. After finished choosing the important items that we should bring along with us in our expedition which is spades, rope, torchlight, knife, compass and a binocular. All these items that we have chosen are very useful and it could help us to be successful complete the treasure hunt. Thus, we are all excited to start our first experience of a treasure hunt. How to cite Example of Bad Essay Writting, Essays

Moving Toward A Dynamic Temporal Framework â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Moving Toward A Dynamic Temporal Framework? Answer: Introduction Exploring the literature review of a chosen subject is the integral part of a particular research project. In this study, the study would discuss the effectiveness of teams and groups within an organisation. It is notable that the working in teams or groups is essential to generate new ideas and improve the organisational cohesiveness. The obtained ideas from the theoretical background developed in this literature section would present the insightful knowledge about the subject matter. Based on the identified conceptual ideas, the further section of the study would present the evaluation of the personality judgment. The identification of the weakness would be address in the personal development plan. Concept of Team According to Britton (2015), teamwork depicts the idea of working together towards a common vision or organisational goals. The team development directs the individuals to accomplish the business objectives. The effective team building allows the common people to attain the fruitful and uncommon results. On the other hand, De Jong, Dirks and Gillespie (2016) defined that the effective teamwork is formulated when the team members work collaboratively to execute a set of activities. They can easily interact with others face-to-face and much frequently (Meslec Cur?eu, 2015). The contribution of the individual member from different cultural background brings the innovative business ideas. The cohesiveness maintained in the team activities is quite appreciating to accomplish the determined goals (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). The self-managed teams are always adaptive towards changes, willing to take more responsibilities, and focused on exploring the innovative procedures. The individuals ass ociated within a group understand the assignments and have the clear values and goals. They have the open communication skills and they operate within the basic climate of trust. Types of Teams The recent research on the team development process identifies the various classifications of the teams into some of the categories. Daspit et al., (2013) opined that teams are categorized depending on the functional differences. Some of these specific categories are: Virtual teams Work teams group Task forces Project Teams Committees and Cross-functional teams High performance teams In previous times, the teamwork was operated in a face-to-face environment, regular meetings, and postponing interventions (Ruch et al., 2016). However, it is notable that due to the emergence of the globalization and global competition level, the companies have improved the business techniques and operational methods. It has created an environment where the teams are scattered logistically and they have been operating in the same time zones. The virtual teams thus can communicate with each other through virtual network (Colbert, Barrick Bradley, 2014). The development of the information technologies has also transformed the organisational functionalities. The high performance team is associated with the individuals who have been performing well and contributing to the profitable parameter of the organisation. Hence, the categorization of the team is necessary for the organisational development process. Theories of Team Role The extensive research based on the team development process is providing the knowledge about the theoretical concept. This section of the study would discuss the theory-based analysis of the organisational teams performing the different roles. The theoretical analysis is presented below: Belbins Team Role Analysis In developing the conceptual knowledge about the team role within an organisation, Belbins team role theory is much helpful. He has conducted the extensive research on the team performance process (Mathieu et al., 2014). Finally, he has identified that nine specific roles are necessary to build up to form a complete group. The absence of any of these roles would not formulate the group activity. In analyzing the team role model, it is necessary to establish the tendency to contribute, behave, and interrelate with others in a significant way (Beer Vazire, 2017). The theory enables the development of the self-knowledge by communicating and coordinating with each other. The synopsis of Belbins role is divided into three clusters, such as action oriented, people oriented and cerebral roles. The implementer, shaper, and completer-finisher belong to the group of action-oriented team. On the other hand, the team worker, coordinator, and resource investigators belong to the people-oriented group. Finally, the plant, specialist, and monitor evaluator are included to the cerebral roles. Plant is the group of people who are much imaginative, creative, and unorthodox. They usually take the active participation on resolving the difficult problems. They even communicate with others with much efficiency. On the other hand, the mature, confident, and good chairperson is the group of people who always take part in the active decision making process. The implementers are the reliable, disciplined and much efficient to clarify goals and objectives. The monitor evaluators are the ones who undertake the strategic decision accurately. The complete-finishers are often reluctant to delegate and they search for the omissions and errors (McAbee Connelly, 2016). Therefore, it is notable that the contribution of the people with different skills is beneficial enough in developing the team cohesiveness. It is notable that due to the emergence of the globalization and global competition level, the companies have improved the business techniques and operational methods. It has created a n environment where the teams are scattered logistically and they have been operating in the same time zones. Accordingly, the mismanagement of the team can lead towards failure to achieve the organisational goals. Summary The literature study provides the theoretical ideas about the team and group development. It is noticeable that the employee efficiency helps in accomplishing the organisational goals and objectives. The development of the theoretical ideas in this literature section determines that the team development or group cohesiveness is essential for managing the complex organisational functionalities. Based on these ideas, the further section of the study would discuss the development of personality tests. The obtained ideas from these tests would be helpful enough in structuring the personal development plan further in this study. Competency Skill Judgment through Johari Window The results derived from the Johari Window test provide the clear diagnostic report regarding my personality traits. I have observed that I have few traits that are known to others and me as well. For example, I am quite adaptive, trustworthy, and sensible. I am much cheerful, happy, and confident that are known to self but not to others. The other people know my characteristic as a very helpful, intelligent, and caring, which is a blind sport to me. Apart from these characteristic, some of the unknown traits are also visible in me. For instance, I can establish a good bonding with my associates for which they can feel comfortable and share their concerns with me. These traits are quite necessary in gathering the adequate ideas about the conflicting scenario and resolving the issues immediately. The extroverted behaviour has helped me in establishing the clear communication with the associated staffs. On the other hand, I pay attention towards others emotional state of mind. Hence, I can recognize their standpoint before I presume any scenario or undertake any decision. However, it is important for me to concentrate on the professionalism a. my weak-point is I easily trust people that may create the negative results. I need to concentrate on others intentions and judge the scenario well before undertake any particular decision. Competency Skill Judgment through Thomas Khilmans Conflict Questionnaire The analysis of the competency skills through Thomas Khilmans Conflict Questionnaire describes that I have five most distinct traits. First is competing, which ensures my confidence and determination towards fulfilling any activity. I take the active participation in the challenging situations. Second is avoiding, which determines that I may ignore some of the situations that are not worth discussing during any conflict resolution process. I believe that avoiding these situations would develop the better consequences. Third is accommodating, which specifies that I am quite giving and sacrificing. If any of the consequences would demand giving up on my priority agenda, I would prefer to do so. I am adjustable according to the situation. Fourth is collaborating that ensures my ability to communicate with others and work together. I can collaborate with other associate to make any relevant decision. Fifth is compromising, which determines that I can compromise if the situation seek for any determined decision. In this case, I have recognized my weakness in being less analytical. I need to understand the situation and the after consequences before I make any compromise. It is necessary for me to make the wise decision before sacrificing at the crucial scenario. Analysis of Big 5 Test The Big 5 Test is another diagnostic tool for identifying the competency skills. After the test, I have gathered knowledge about some of the specific traits of mine. The openness determines the tendency of a person to think beyond the situation to deal with the complex scenario. I have scored 73% in openness that is strongly inclined towards the cultural values and interests of others. This midrange score ensures that I am neither conservative nor very imaginative. I score 78% in conscientious that determine the possibility of being successive in the career. I have the high level of self-control that helps me in resisting impulses. I scored 68% in extraverted that ensure that I am highly motivated to thrills or experience. The score in agreeableness is 78%, which is quite high and develops the idea about tendency of forgiving and maintaining the good relationships. I scored 38% in neuroticism that is much moderate. It depicts that I response quite intensely towards the negative emoti ons. I act like the other average people who are responsive towards their emotions, be it sad or happy. In these cases, I have observed that I am a person who is easily driven by the emotional consequences. I need to strengthen the emotional state of mind while undertaking any fruitful business decision. Moreover, I need to be much considerable towards my priorities. The above results recognize the two major areas that I need to improve. First, I trust people much easily that may develop the negative situation. In literature review, it is discussed that building trust among the team members is essential. However, it is even necessary to judge the scenario accordingly. Second is taking control of my emotional state of mind while making decision. As per the literature review study, the self-control is essential for making any important decision. The next section of the study would develop the personal development plan for improving these areas of concerns in my personality. Action Plan The above result determines that my weak-point is I easily trust people that may create the negative results. Moreover, I lack conscience and driven away by emotional state of mind. Hence, I need to work on these areas to make improvements. The action plan is structured below: I shall remain in command of self-choice to deal with any conflicting scenario. It is necessary to me to pay attention towards the conscience communication. It is essential for me to remain aware and careful towards the major triggers. The valid emotions are needed to be accepted It is important for me to acknowledge my anger and maintain the emotional balance. It is essential for me to follow through the action for expressing the feelings. Judgment should be based on the proper scenario analysis. Following these consequences and actions would develop a clear understanding between right and wrong. Hence, it is necessary for me to develop my personality accordingly. The maintenance of these personality tests would be helpful for me to build an efficient teamwork. The cohesiveness maintained in the team activities is quite appreciating to accomplish the determined goals. The self-managed teams are always adaptive towards changes, willing to take more responsibilities, and focused on exploring the innovative procedures. Therefore, I shall be able to maintain the proper coordination and yet much aware of the consequences before undertaking any relevant decision. References Batenburg, R., van Walbeek, W., in der Maur, W. (2013). Belbin role diversity and team performance: is there a relationship?.Journal of Management Development,32(8), 901-913. Beer, A., Vazire, S. (2017). Evaluating the predictive validity of personality trait judgments using a naturalistic behavioral criterion: A preliminary test of the self-other knowledge asymmetry model.Journal of Research in Personality,70, 107-121. Britton, J. J. (2015). Expanding the coaching conversation: Group and team coaching.Industrial and Commercial Training,47(3), 116-120. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), 351-387. Daspit, J., Justice Tillman, C., Boyd, N. G., Mckee, V. (2013). Cross-functional team effectiveness: An examination of internal team environment, shared leadership, and cohesion influences.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,19(1/2), 34-56. De Jong, B. A., Dirks, K. T., Gillespie, N. (2016). Trust and team performance: A meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(8), 1134. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Beck, S. J., Kauffeld, S. (2016). Emergent team roles in organizational meetings: identifying communication patterns via cluster analysis.Communication Studies,67(1), 37-57. Manning, T., Manning, T., Robertson, B., Robertson, B. (2016). A three factor model of followership, part 2: research on the three factor model and its application to team roles.Industrial and Commercial Training,48(7), 354-361. Mathieu, J. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Donsbach, J. S., Alliger, G. M. (2014). A review and integration of team composition models: Moving toward a dynamic and temporal framework.Journal of Management,40(1), 130-160. Mathieu, J. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kukenberger, M. R., Donsbach, J. S., Alliger, G. M. (2015). Team role experience and orientation: A measure and tests of construct validity.Group Organization Management,40(1), 6-34. McAbee, S. T., Connelly, B. S. (2016). A multi-rater framework for studying personality: The trait-reputation-identity model. Meslec, N., Cur?eu, P. L. (2015). Are balanced groups better? Belbin roles in collaborative learning groups.Learning and Individual Differences,39, 81-88. Oke, A. E., Olatunji, S. O., Awodele, A. O., Akinola, J. A., Kuma-Agbenyo, M. (2016). Importance of team roles composition to success of construction projects.International Journal of Construction Project Management,8(2), 141. Omar, M., Hasan, B., Ahmad, M., Yasin, A., Baharom, F., Mohd, H., Darus, N. M. (2016). Applying Fuzzy Technique in Software Team Formation Based on Belbin Team Role.Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC),8(8), 109-113. Ruch, W., Gander, F., Platt, T., Hofmann, J. (2016). Team roles: Their relationships to character strengths and job satisfaction.The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-10.

Humes Affirmation Essays - David Hume, Empiricism,

Hume's Affirmation Hume's affirmation David Hume makes a strong affirmation in section IV of an Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Hume states, I shall venture to affirm as a general proposition, which admits of no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not, in any instance attained by reasonings a priori; but entirely from experience. In this statement, when discussing knowledge of this relation, Hume is referring to the relation between cause and effect. This argument can easily be dismissed as skeptical, for it puts all knowledge of this sort in doubt. However, Hume does not hastily doubt that this knowledge is not a priori, as a skeptic would. Instead Hume offers a sound argument as to why cause and effect knowledge can not be a priori, and thus his argument is not skeptical at all. Before Hume commits himself to this affirmation, he establishes several things first. He explains that all reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. In support of this, Hume explains that, if asked, any man believing in a matter of fact would give as a reason in support of this fact, some other fact. It is from this that Hume concludes that all reasonings concerning fact are of the same nature. It is here that one continually assumes that there is a connection between the current fact and that, which is inferred from it. Furthermore, Hume states where there nothing to bind them together; the inference would be entirely precarious. Meaning, any matter of fact is supported only by another matter of fact, and if this connection is removed, one is left with a fact that is completely dependent. In addition, any fact will ultimately be dependent on a primary fact, which in turn is founded on cause and effect. It is only after Hume establishes thi s that he affirms that knowledge of this relation is never attained by reasonings a priori. Knowledge based on cause and effect, for Hume, relies entirely on human experience, and it is for this reason that it can not be a priori. Hume does not blindly state this proposition, he supports it with several examples that I find irrefutable. He suggests that no man when presented with gunpowder can imagine the explosion that can follow. The same is true when discussing the consequences of releasing a stone from one's hand. Without prior knowledge, it would be impossible to predict that the stone would fall to the ground. No object ever discovers, by the qualities that which appear to the senses, either causes which produced it, or the effects which will arise from it; nor can our reason, unassisted by experience, ever draw any inference concerning real existence and matter of fact. It is here that Hume proves that knowledge based on cause and effect relies solely on experience and can not be based on reasonings a priori. Knowledge that is a priori is the exact opposite of knowledge that is obtained through experience. For the very definition of a priori is knowledge that is presupposed as prior to experience. It is apparent, from Hume's past arguments that certain things are impossible to know prior to experience. Hume applies this same reasoning to all the laws of nature, and all the operations of bodies. He states that it is the influence of custom to infer that anyone without prior knowledge, would be able to predict the communication of motion between one Billiard-ball to another upon impulse. Hume follows by stating, were any object presented to us, and were we required to pronounce concerning the effect, which would result from it, it would be impossible to do so, without consulting past observation. In all aspects of matter of fact, Hume has provided sufficient evidence, to support his affirmation. A skeptical argument is one in which everything is doubted. Hume is certainly not doubting everything when affirms that knowledge relating to cause and effect is never a priori. For it is in this same affirmation that he offers an alternate explanation to knowledge of this relation. Instead of solely doubting, as a skeptic would, Hume offers experience as an alternate explanation to the relation between matters of fact. While Hume does deny

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison Free Online Research Papers The narrator of Invisible Man is telling more a story of self-discovery. A lot of times self narration comes with self-reflection and the Narrator later comes to realizes that all his roles have been created by the environment and culture around him. Throughout the story the narrator has no sense of self worth. Only the stereotypical roles that others have given him, and he bases his ideas on the options of others. As the narrator puts it: â€Å"my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone’s way but my own. I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself† (560). Nevertheless, by the end of the book he finally understands the fact that life in America mainly consists of a color barrier between two colors; yet, he is still invisible, but no longer is he blind. His new view of reality teaches him that he is obligated to return to society â€Å"since there’s possibility that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play† (568). Ellison spent seven years writing Invisible Man, his one and only novel. â€Å"Invisible Man is [considered] literary fiction because of its in-depth exploration of one mans psyche and its innovative style.† (â€Å"Invisible Man Genre†). Invisible Man is the story of a young man who considers himself â€Å"invisible† to the world around him. He goes on to explain that his invisibility is not the result of a biochemical accident and that he is not a spirit. He is invisible due to others refusing to see him because of his skin color. The narrator says that being invisible serves as both a benefit and a constant exasperation. He depicts his anguished need to make others recognize him, and say he has found that such attempts rarely succeed. The narrator hides away in his invisibility preparing for his unnamed action. The narrator recounts an incident in which he was bumped into by a tall, blond-haired man in the dark; the man insulted him and the narrator attacked him. Only at the last minute, he came to his senses, stopping himself from slitting the man’s throat. The next day, the narrator reads about the incident in the newspaper; the attack is described as a mugging. He comments on the irony of being mugged by an invisible man. Now, the narrator hibernates in his invisibility† (Spark Notes Editors). He states that the beginning of his story is actually the end. The narrator is not sure of who he is because his â€Å"identity has been dictated by the white-dominated society† (â€Å"Narrator in Invisible Man†). The narrator goes on a journey of self-discovery. The story takes place in the American South and Harlem, New York, where he meets people that further alter his life. Throughout the novel, Ellison uses many literary devices to illustrate the narrator’s persistence to finding himself. The narrator finds his first job working at the Liberty Paints plant. Upon his arrival on his first day, he sees a huge electric sign that reads â€Å"KEEP AMERICA PURE WITH LIBERTY PAINTS.† The Liberty Paints plant is most famous for its Optic White paint. In order to create the color, the narrator is to put ten black drops of toner in each bucket. It symbolizes â€Å"the necessity of the black contribution to white America† (â€Å"Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory). Reverend Homer A. Barbee preaches at the chapel services at the college. He wears dark glasses. On day, after giving his sermon, Barbee stumbles upon returning to his chair causing his glasses to fall from his face. The narrator catches a quick glimpse of Barbee’s eyes, and realizes that Reverend Barbee is blind. Brother Jack, a man from an organization in Harlem called the Brotherhood, has a false left eye. The narrator sees the sight problems as a representation of the blindness of the human race. Although this blindness if not of a physical nature, the human race refuses to see others for who they are. The setting itself is symbolic of the human tendency to judge at first glance. The narrator is born and raised in the American South. When travels to New York he realizes the large difference between the North and South. He is surprised to find the white drivers obeying the directions of a black policeman. He wonders if some of the things he does will be considered insulting, such as leaving a tip on the table for a white waitress. Unlike when he was in the South, the narrator experiences a sort of racial freedom in the North. Yet, he feels that his skin color will determine how he will be perceived by others. Whether it is by the white men of the Brotherhood or the self-proclaimed nymphomaniac, he would be judged by his skin color first then by who he is. The tone of the story says a great deal about the narrator. He could have easily made the story nothing more than a depressing story about racial injustice. Instead, he told the story in a blunt but thoughtful way. It allows for a more reflective edge to the story. The story is told from first person point of view allowing the tone to remain soft versus scolding. The narrator tells his story from his own experiences, allowing for a personal development of the narrator and no other character. The treatment of the characters mirrors the treatment the narrator experienced throughout the story. Every other character in the story is one-dimensional. There are set types of people but they are fairly simple. Todd Clifton is a member of the Brotherhood. There is a point in the story where Brother Clifton is on the street selling Sambo dolls. The narrator further examines the doll to find that Clifton is controlling it with black string hidden from the audience. The doll itself is a symbol of the narrator. The strings are held by the white men of the Brotherhood. The strings may also be controlled by everyone that manipulated the narrator in his life. The narrator remembers giving the graduation speech at his high school graduation. During his speech he urges that for the progression of Black America everyone should practice modesty and obedience because it is the key. His speech was received so well, and it was such a success that the town arranges for him to deliver the speech at an assembly of the community’s leading white citizens. Upon the narrator’s arrival to give his speech he is instructed to take to take part in the â€Å"battle royal† that appears to be a part of the evening’s entertainment. The narrator, and his classmates put on boxing gloves and proceed enter the ring. The white men place blindfolds on the youths and order them to fight each other viciously. The narrator’s unwillingness to resist or even protest what the white men were doing to him, and his classmates is apparent when he says We were rushed up to the front of the ballroom, where it smelled even more strongly of tobacco and whiskey. Then we were pushed into place. (Ellison 18-19) Instead of denying them the ability to place him in a situation that he found uncomfortable, he just goes along with the plans. The narrator finds himself facing defeat in the last round, and when it came time for the narrator to give his speech, the white men laugh and ignore him as he quotes the larger sections of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition Address. The men award him a calfskin briefcase containing a scholarship to the state college for black youth. The briefcase is symbolic of his naivety and youth. His final loss of the briefcase represents a severance from his past. Recalling his time at college, the narrator remembers the college’s bronze statue of its Founder, a black man. He illustrates the statue as cold and fatherly, its eyes empty. At the end of his third year, the narrator takes a job driving Mr. Norton, one of the college’s white millionaire founders around campus. Ellison alludes to other works of literature in his story Invisible Man. The narrator encounters a street vendor selling bake yams. He buys one and when he bites into it, he is reminded of his home in the South. In Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust, the author eats into a madeleine and immediately recollects his childhood in Belle Époque France. In Invisible Man, Ellison does Proust one better by imbuing the moment with not only a definitive character transformation, but by the consumption of a second, frostbitten yam (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). Ellison also makes references to such historical figures as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute as a way for newly freed slaves to get their education. A more overt connection to Booker T. Washington in Invisible Man comes when the narrator writes of his grandparents: About eighty-five years ago they were told that they were free, united with others of our country in everything pertaining to the common good, and, in everything social, separate like the fingers of the hand. This is a direct allusion to Washingtons 1895 Atlanta Compromise address, when he said, In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. DuBois expresses his theory of the double-consciousness possessed by blacks. According to DuBois, blacks know and understand what it is to be both an American as white Americans understand it and what it is to be a black American. DuBois thought this had both ups and downs, just as the narrator’s invisibility has its cons and pros. Ellison uses theme as a constant developmental element for the story. Such themes as, identity, race and ideology are few of the many present in the novel. In Invisible Man, identity is a conflict between self-perception and projection of others. The narrator’s identity is invisible to those around him. Not until he separates himself from society can he truly come to understand himself. Although throughout the novel the narrator’s race depicts how he is perceived by society, the novel is aimed at transcending race and all the other ways humanity has used to categorize people. For a long time, the narrator is defined by his race which led to invisibility. The book â€Å"Invisible Man† apparently tends to promote a political philosophy which makes very appealing to an emotional individual. It rejects all forms of ideology, arguing that ideology focuses too much on the collective perception at the expense of the individual. The infusion of power appears depicted in nearly all of the relationships of Invisible Man. More so the power of white males appears to dominate the narrator’s view throughout the novel, this is also apparent in situations where there are no white males present. Other people who hold any form of power keep it only through the largesse or generosity of white men. Admiration is particularly prominent towards the beginning of Invisible Man, when the narrator takes Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton to be role models. By the end of the novel, the narrator apparently has no admiration for anyone. The narrator finds that Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton are extremely flawed role models, and the he realizes that he can only depend on himself. Ralph Ellison used many literary elements to illustrate the life of the narrator. The narrator remained nameless but was still a much more rounded character when compared to the others in the story. He has depth to his personality versus being seen as a single type of person. Nonetheless it proves to be important. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was a book written by an unknown writer that quickly established him as one of the best of his time. The book remained on the bestsellers list for an incredible sixteen weeks. The story of the invisible man is one which best connects with the civil rights movement during that time in history which later lead to African American leaders like Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X. The book might have not been responsible for the changes we see today, but it continues to intrigue readers, even casual readers like me. His withdrawal from society and low profile gave him a chance to create his own identity, and to find himself. His education give him the abilities to achieve what he wanted and give himself a slightly higher status than most African American, and the advice that his grandfather gave him the drive needed to fight back. His invisibility not only saved his life, but it allowed him to become himself. He became a more satisfied man at the end of the novel. In conclusion, it is clear that the narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man finds an identity through his education, his grandfathers advice, and his invisibility. Each of these three things plays a key role in his finding of himself. Upon Ralph Ellison finishing his book he was most likely feeling the strain of being a black man in a world that saw him as less than a man. It is most likely this feeling of unrest that lead to the title of the book, because despite being of flesh and blood the world he lived in did not see him, thus the title â€Å"Invisible Man.† Work Cited Ellison, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Invisible Man.† New York Random House, 1952 Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Genre. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010 Shmoop Editorial Team. Narrator in Invisible Man. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Spark Notes Editors. â€Å"Spark Note on Invisible Man.† SparkNotes.com. Spark Notes LLC. 2002. Web. 21 Jun. 2010. Research Papers on Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo EllisonMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships Essay

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships - Essay Example The modern technology may also be applied to operate as â€Å"floating storage and regasification units â€Å"(FSRU) especially in receiving terminals situated in offshore. In US, UK, Brazil and in Argentina, LNG carriers are operating with onboard regasification facilities. FSRU offers many advantages over traditional on-shore liquefaction. It is most effective as contrasted to on-shore liquefaction. Further, a considerable amount of time and money spent on onshore/onsite construction and shipyard construction can be avoided. FSRU technology also addresses â€Å"NIMBY† issues, and it is less exposure to terrorism and conflict. Owners can achieve greater flexibility through the redeployment process. Further, FSRU offers shorter phase to markets than compared to on-shore regasification plants.All LNG carriers shall have double hulls. LNG is carried in near the atmospheric pressure in specifically built insulated tanks, which is being referred as the â€Å"cargo containment s ystem† located inside the inner hull. International codes stipulate the design and assembling of LNG ships. Additional and extra international safety guidelines are set out in the codes which differ with the type of cargo that carrier will carry. All commercial LNG vessels have to be registered with at least in one country known as â€Å"Flag State†.LNG Carriers must adhere to all specific international and local regulatory needs including those of Internationals Gas Carriers Code (IGC), the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and US Coast Guard (USCG).All flag states implement the International Maritime Organisation Rules as regards to the International Safety Management Code(ISM), the IGC, and the global Convention on Standards of Training the certification and Watching. Further, a flag state in which LNG carrier is registered may impose further requirements in addition to the international codes. In the shipping industry, there exists a classification society w hich is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which acts as an integral part of the industry and is always cited as â€Å"Class†.

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Essay

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Beamish Boy What ideas about thinking and making meaning does the choice of RayJay as a narrator raise - Essay Example His vocabulary is not developed and language used is simple and even crudely innocent at times. The reader then is able to create a highly realistic picture of the scenarios described in the book. This can be inferred from the beginning of the story itself: â€Å"My kite is black and plastic spread out flat and black against the grass and underneath the wind is shaky. Wind is a snake. Water is a snake and grass is a snake and snake is wind and water but snake is not grass. Upon reading this, the reader can picture the kite trailing behind the little boy flying along the grass. To his mind the blips, twists and bops of the kite as it skims the surface of the grass seems to be that of a snake moving, like water and wind make things move, he associates such movements with the only things he understands. The narrator repeats similar ideas and sentences, reinforcing the scene in the writers mind. The child that he is, his mind is very easily distracted oscillating from one idea to another and back gives a sense of a whirlwind of ideas, as is with any 5 year old, making the story highly realistic. He is as any young boy fixated on his kite. His thoughts move from his kite to the ocean to his sister and back to his kite. Further, the multiple use of the word ‘and’ only increases the descriptive nature of the story. The reader does not have to use his imagination, the story paints a picture; â€Å"There are no trees except the ones far away, just a clothesline and flat yellow grass and big grass hissing in the back†. This in itself is evidence of where the family was vacationing. The use of the word ‘and’ as well as multiple adjectives to describe the same situation lends to the story a higher degree of realism. This can be seen further â€Å"When I open the refrigerator, fog falls out the way the sun does here† The use of highly descriptive words are almost poetic in the way that they convey an emotion or activity, as only done by a

Speculative Development Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Speculative Development Project - Assignment Example At a distance it seems fine but there were the run of flats which were interrupted on the east side and a massive portico is provided which faces the axis of Brunswick Square. Theo Crosby, writing an appraisal in the Architectural Review, remarked on the massive portico facing the axis of Brunswick Square. In the evening light the tall thin columns stand out against the chiaroscuro background. This feature focuses more on open space rather enticing potential users from Russell Square station. There are two proposals: Turn the Brunswick into an office space or into residential apartments. If the Brunswick was to be converted into office space it will greatly enhance the environment in the public realm. The estimated cost of the project would be about 22 million. If we were to covert the Brunswick into office space the aim would be to: The Brunswick is a grade II listed building situated in the heart of the Bloomsbury conservation. It is in the area between Bernard Street to the south, Brunswick Square to the east, Handel street to the north and Marchmont Street to the west. The goal of the project would be to honor the building's original intention while at the same time producing an environment that would bring about a newly energetic commercial life into the area. Residential Space If we were to convert the Brunswick into an residential area the express aim would be to "respect the needs of the local residents and business people but still retain the building's original architecture. Originally the Brunswick was to be a low rise development-a blending of the urban housing, shops and offices that would have provided a link between Bloomsbury square and the streets. Due to the economic climate the building was never completed to its original goals, as a result long leases held by residents of the area were sold to the London Borough of Camden to provide low-income public housing. Feasibility of Residential Space Residents of the area has seen The Brunswick's potential, as a result many have already started to buy property. The flats have been snapped up. The flats have doubled in price over the last couple of years- a

Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease

Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease Role of Magnetic Field in Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Jehan Zaib Ali Khan, M.Phil. Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disease. It is due to less production of Dopamine in brain. There is no permanent treatment of this disease. But with the passage of time some useful techniques and medicines are developed for diagnosis and treatment, to overcome its signs. MRI and TMS are also included in these techniques. Magnetic Field is basic thing in these techniques. Role of magnetic field is very useful to diagnose and to cure this disease but there is need of further research and work to make these techniques more effective and safe. I have studied and reviewed different researches about these techniques and try to summarize the role of magnetic field in this article. Keywords: magnetic field (MF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS), parkinson’s disease (PD), deep brain simulation (DBS), repeated transcranial magnetic simulation (rTMS) Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder. It is very chronic disease. Patients with this disease have great difficulty in movement. They also face non-motor complications like loss of appetite, sleep deprivation and pain. There is no permanent solution of this disorder. But with the passage of time some techniques and medicines are developed for proper diagnosis and treatment to overcome its symptoms. Levodopa is a basic medicine to fulfill the requirement of dopamine because lack of dopamine in brain is the basic cause of this disease. But there are some side effects of Levodopa. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of chronic dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). The overall prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias ranges from 40%-90% and is related to the underlying disease process, pharmacologic factors, and to the duration of high dose levodopa therapy.[1] In that case another method is necessary to cure PD and overcome d yskinesias. For this purpose artificial week magnetic fields can be used that have dramatic effect.[1] For diagnosis purpose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very useful. Another step in this direction is functional MRI which describes the neural mechanism of movement automaticity in PD patient.[2] Magnetic Field and Diagnosis of PD: MRI uses strong magnetic field, radio waves and computers to produce detailed images of interior of body. It gives 3-D image representation of internal parts of body. In this way, it is very useful for diagnosis of PD. MRI scanner contains powerful magnets. A strong magnetic field is created by passing an electric current through the wire loops. During this process, other coils in the magnet send and receive radio waves. This triggers protons in the body to align themselves. Once aligned, radio waves are absorbed by the protons, which stimulate spinning. Energy is released after exciting the molecules, which in turn emits energy signals that are picked up by the coil. This information is then sent to a computer which processes all the signals and generates it into an image.[3] Functional MRI is advance form of MRI. It can be used to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of movement automaticity in Parkinson’s disease patients.[2] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an efficient instrument in the symptomatic therapy of PD. Functional MRI can be used safely for this purpose. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used quite widely in studies dealing with DBS and with PD. fMRI has never used for this purpose but safety of fMRI during thalamic DBS has been proven by a study with a heterogeneous group of patients suffering from neurological disorders.[4] Single pulse transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS) can be used for investigation and diagnosis.[5] Magnetic Field and Treatment of PD: In 1992, it was reported that reported that extracranial treatment with picotesla range magnetic fields is an effective, safe, and revolutionary modality in the management of Parkinsonism. Also for those patients, whom are facing levodopa-induced motor complications. [6][7] It also produces improvements in non-motor aspects like sleep, appetite, pain, mood and sexual behavior. A comprehensive study on a PD patient shows that magnetic field in the range of picotesla is very useful as antiparkinsonian. In this way it reduces the requirement of antiparkinsonian medicines like levodopa.[7] In 2008, Therapeutic effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were investigated by Toshiaki FURUKAWA and others in PD with cognitive dysfunction known as impaired set switching. They apply rTMS on six patients and monitor these patients by using different tests. They applied 0.2-Hz rTMS over the frontal region at an intensity of 1.2 x. They concluded that when combined with drug therapy and rehabilitation, rTMS appears to be useful for maintaining and improving function.[8] TMS basis on principle of inductance to get electrical energy across the scalp and skull without the pain of direct percutaneous electrical stimulation. It involves placing a small coil of wire on the scalp and passing a powerful and rapidly changing current through it. This produces a magnetic field that passes unimpeded and relatively painlessly through the tissues of the head. Magnetic field induces week electrical current and to produce enough current to excite neurons in the brain, the current passed through the coil must change within a few hundred microseconds.[5] Transcranial magnetic simulation is very useful for treatment of this neurological disease but it is not permanent solution. A patient suffering from PD needs this therapy on regular basis. Sometimes medicines are also required besides of this therapy. Therefore there is need of further research and investigation to improve that treatment of PD.[8] Although single pulse TMS is very useful for investigation purposes and rTMS is very useful for treatment but rTMS may be harmful for by kindling effects as well as the past history of possible misuse of electroconvulsive therapy. It can produce adverse effects on human body like headache, effects on hearing, kindling and effects on hormones. Metallic hardware near the coil can be moved or heated by TMS, presence of metal may be harmful.[5][9] Therefore it needs to take some safety measures to control harmful effects of magnetic field. There should use simulation parameters in safe range like duration of rTMS, frequencies and intensities.[5] Future of MF in Diagnosis and Treatment of PD: Magnetic field is very useful for treatment of diagnosis and treatment of PD. But there is need of further improvement of techniques based on the use of magnetic field. These techniques can become most suitable for patients of PD reducing harmful effects of MF. In the future, the long-term therapeutic effects of rTMS, particularly with regard to the frequency, stimulation intensity and rTMS coil-type, need to be investigated Further developments related to the application of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease are expected.[8] Conclusion: Parkinson’s disease is chronic disorder. There are different medicines and techniques for its diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose use of magnetic field and its effects are very valuable. By using appropriate amount of MF one can overcome the symptoms of PD. There are some side effects of its use for diagnosis and treatment. But these side effects can be controlled by taking some necessary steps. It will not be wrong, if I say that by further research and investigation MF can become a good replacement of antiparkinson medicines. References: [1]D. K. Sandyk R , Anninos PA, Tsagas N, â€Å"Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson ’ s disease . PubMed Commons,† vol. 63, p. 1342026. [2]T. Wu and M. Hallett, â€Å"A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease,† Brain, vol. 128, pp. 2250–2259, 2005. [3]T. M. Deserno, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, 2010. [4]R. Jech, D. Urgosà ­k, J. Tintera, a Nebuzelskà ½, J. Krà ¡senskà ½, R. Liscà ¡k, J. Roth, and E. RÃ…Â ¯zicka, â€Å"Functional magnetic resonance imaging during deep brain stimulation: a pilot study in four patients with Parkinson’s disease.,† Mov. Disord., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1126–32, 2001. [5]E. M. Wassermann and E. M. Wassermann, â€Å"Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,† Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 108, pp. 1–16, 1998. [6]â€Å"Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate neurite outgrowth in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line . PubMed Commons,† vol. 92, no. 6, p. 24523147. [7]R. Sandyk, â€Å"Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with magnetic fields reduces the requirement for antiparkinsonian medications.,† Int. J. Neurosci., vol. 74, pp. 191–201. [8]T. Furukawa, S. Izumi, M. Toyokura, and Y. Masakado, â€Å"Effects of Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson ’ s Disease,† vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 63–71, 2009. [9]P. M. Rossini, P. M. Rossini, S. Rossi, and S. Rossi, â€Å"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential,† Neurology, vol. 68, p. 484, 2007.

A Career in Sports Management Essay -- Career Research

Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person will make in their life. Most people try to pick the career with the best financial gain and something they would like to do for the rest of their life. Foremost it is wise to see what the job entails. Sport Management is perfect for those who enjoy helping and working with people, especially when dealing with sports. The next part of the decision-making process is looking through the various schooling and training required. Lastly, take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages. Usually with great salaries comes a big responsibility with high stress. â€Å"The sports industry in the U.S. is a $200-billion-dollar-plus powerhouse, with superstar athletes, lucrative endorsement deals, and all the free press an ego can handle† (Lawyue 1). The profession of a sport management professional has a very specific work description, requires specific schooling and training, and comes with a variety of benefits and disadvantages. As time progresses, watching and supporting sports is becoming more and more popular as a main source of entertainment. Many people have found ways to connect their jobs with their passion of sports. â€Å"The multibillion-dollar sports industry offers employment opportunities for management, marketing, and supervisory professionals at all levels of competition† (Sports Management 1). Depending on a person’s interests, there are jobs in professional, amateur, and even school sports. Once a person decides on a sport management career, it needs to be determined which area he or she more specifically wants to go into based on his or her interests and abilities. There is a wide range of groups who employ sport management pr... ...rks Cited Lawyue, Mathew. How to Pick a Sport Management Program. Undergraduate News. Bloomberg Businessweek. 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 18 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Major: Sports Management.† Princetonreview.com. The Princeton Review, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014. â€Å"Manager.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia manager> Paulson, Edward. The Complete Idiots Guide to Starting Your Own Business. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2000. Print â€Å"Professional Sport.† Education-portal.com. MGMT Professions., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014 â€Å"Sport Management.† Library.semo.edu. Kent Library Research Guide, n.d. Web. 18 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Sports Management.† Careers.stateuniversity.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014 â€Å"What is Sport Management.† Winthrope.edu. Winthrope, n.d. Web. 15 Sep. 2014.

Integrative Therapy Essay

I started my first class of counselling today. I was very nervous and excited at the same time. I was nervous because I had not been in formal education for the past ten years and excited because I was going to do something for myself after 3 years of sitting at home and focus on something other than domestic issues. I arrived to my first class late and that made me more apprehensive. Looking around I noticed that there were people from different age and background. I started the class by telling others about myself and listened to them. I felt like I was in a group therapy, in a way it actually was because we were using our listening skills, which I believe is essential part of counselling. As it happened at the end of the task I was less nervous than I was at the beginning. Our next task was to find a partner and talk about ourselves to each other. We talked about our lives and it was up to us how much to tell our partner and to share it with the rest of the group. Again here, our listening skills were tested. This task also acted as ice breaker where the atmosphere of the class become more relaxed as we listened to each individual’s life and their achievements as well as their aspirations. I realised that most of the people who attended the course were there because of their life experiences propelled them to this course and that they felt they have something to give back as counsellor, or that they may learn some counselling skills to help them with their own lives. As for myself, since studying counselling as part of my degree course 10 years ago, I have wanted to become a counsellor. I always was motivated to help others. My only inability is and has been my lack of confidence. This is not because I don’t have the ability to listen and help others, but just that I am not a confident speaker and my communication skills needs to be enhanced and by doing this course I am hoping to overcome both and be prepared for further qualifications in counselling. During the class in groups we also discussed, what we want from rest of the group and what is required of me. There were some points, such as, Respect, Confidentially, Honesty, Being non- judgmental, etc, that we all agreed on. We ended the class by â€Å"checking out†, where we said how we felt and what we learned, like me, the rest of group was also more relaxed and were looking forward to the rest of the course. I see this course as learning route, where by the end of it I have learned some counselling skills, hopefully I will also overcome my own issues, which might have an impact on my role as a helper.

Word Choice Cent, Scent or Sent

Word Choice Cent, Scent or Sent Word Choice: Cent, Scent or Sent? It can be tricky to know which word to use, especially when using homophones (words that sound the same as one another). Understandably, some people mix up the words cent, scent and sent. Today, we explain what each one means and when you should use them. Cent (A Penny) The word cent is pronounced with a soft c that sounds like an s. It comes from the Latin word centum, meaning one hundred. It first started being used as a noun for currency in 1786. Since then, it has always referred to a coin worth one hundredth of a dollar: I’m really struggling for money. I’m down to my last cent. Scent (A Smell) The c in this word is silent. It comes from the Latin sentire, meaning sense. It is a noun meaning odor and is almost always applied to pleasant smells, such as perfume or flowers: The roses had such a lovely scent that she fell in love at once. Scent can also be used as a verb, especially when referring to an animals sense of smell. For example: The shark scented the blood in the water. Sent (Dispatched) Sent is the past tense of the verb send, which means dispatch. This word comes from the Old English sendam, which means send forth, throw or impel: I sent my Great-Aunt a chocolate cake through the mail. Cent, Scent or Sent? Hopefully this has cleared up the meanings of these terms a bit! Remember: Cent is a term for currency (one hundredth of a dollar) Scent  is to do with smells and the sense of smell Sent is the past tense of send and means dispatched Happy writing!

Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essays

Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essays Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essay Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essay Performance enhancing drugs considerably influence sports and athletes. Players have to pay heavy price for their life when involved in using performance enhancing drugs. Though drugs improve athlete’s performances like sports technology and equipment but its practice is not rewarded by athlete fans. It is a universal outlook of populace that players must reflect their natural talent to give superior performance which is admired with great fervor. But some advocates and athletes oppose this statement and argue for significance of performance drugs in sports. The main issue in today’s sport is that on what grounds, these drugs are banned that can help them to get more out of their training and practice. Some challengers argue that drugs and special diets have always been a part of the Olympics and permitting athletes to consume drugs may enhanced their knowledge of the human body and such drugs could encourage sport participation. Activists who are against allowing performance enhancing drugs squabble that if people know the athlete has deceiving, they will not really enjoy watching their performance as much. The present paper focuses on the hot theme which is revolving in the use of performance enhancing drugs in sports. It provides strong arguments against allowing performance enhancing drugs with supportive facts. It is voiced by dictators that victory at all will not be appreciated if drugs are used by athlete. Permitting drugs could also lead to casual use for those who might want to build up their muscle tone. If the public came to know that sports turn around just drugs and less athleticism, the television viewers and audience at sports contests will decrease very speedily. In such a case, spot organization has to face serious financial problems for the athletes. Drug scandals may cause the media and athletic sponsors to juggle around with their promise to that particular sport. Athletes were using drugs to enhance their performance from early times. In the games of the third Olympiad, Thomas Hicks won the marathon after receiving an injection of strychnine in the middle of the race (Seventh Report of Session 2003-2004). The first official ban on stimulating substances by a sporting organization was initiated by the International Amateur Athletic Federation in 1928. In 1976, the East German swimming team won 11 out of 13 Olympic events, and later took legal action the government for giving them anabolic steroids (New York Times 2004). The use of illegal substances is prevalent despite the health risks, and despite the regulating body’s efforts to abolish drugs from sport. Most athletes are also relatively improbable to ever undergo testing. The International Amateur Athletic Federation approximates that only 10-15% of participating athletes are tested in each main contest. Everyone recognizes that drugs are against the rules. Sport organizers must have to define the rules of sport. If the drugs are legalized and freely available, the consequences will be dangerous such health hazards and loss faith of public. People perform well at sport as a result of the genetic makeup that happened to deal them a captivating hand. The capability to perform well in sporting events is determined by the ability to deliver oxygen to muscles. Oxygen is carried by red blood cells. The more red blood cells, the more oxygen player can carry. This in turn controls an athlete’s performance in aerobic exercise. If it is raised naturally, it is well accepted. But the injection of EPO which is a natural hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, increasing the packed cell volume (PCV) the percentage of the blood comprised of red blood cells was officially banned in 1985 because it is against sports ethics (JAMA 1996; 276:231-7). Health factor involved in using EPO intravenously is that raising the PCV too high by this injection can cause serious health problems. The risk of harm quickly augments as PCV gets above 50%.

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists Essay

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists - Essay Example ition (in all of its senses, military or paramilitary, solutions, specialist courts or tribunals.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.1) Conventional criminals mostly commit crimes in their own country and hence the trials of such criminals are easy for the court. On the other hand in most of the cases terrorist commit crime in another country and hence their trial often poses lot of headaches to the court. Four essentials of a conventional criminal trial system are: strong and independent prosecutors; efficient and properly paid defence lawyers; ready access by defence lawyers to their clients in custody; and a modern communications system. (Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales) Conventional trial of a criminal often conducted in a criminal or magistrate court with the help of a judge, prosecutors, criminal advocates, witnesses etc. The judge will hear the claims of both the prosecution advocate and the criminal advocate before reaching the conclusion and declaring whether the accused committed any crime or not. In order to convince the judge the advocates (prosecution and criminal) usually presents evidences and witnesses along with the first information report (FIR) by the police who investigated the crime. The advocates will cross exam the evidences and the witnesses in order to prove their arguments. Finally the judge will reach a conclusion after hearing and evaluat ing all the arguments and evidences and will declare his verdict. Trial of a terrorist usually involves lot of complicated procedures. Quiet often special courts have been put up in order to conduct a proper and fair trial for the crime conducted by the terrorists. â€Å"In deciding whether to charge suspected terrorists, and in conducting their trials, prosecutors have difficult choices to make while maintaining proper standards of conduct. The first question, however, is how and in what context terrorists should be prosecuted.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.10) â€Å"Civilian courts do not provide

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative Essay

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative advertisement - Essay Example Ever since its approval, comparative advertisements has been compared to a double edged sword in which it promotes one product whereas demotes the other. An ideal comparative advertisement provides the customers with honest and sincere information in order to compete with a product so that the consumers can make a better choice while purchasing the commodity. Various researches proved that comparative advertisements help to create awareness among consumers, hence, the less popular brands become popular and the market for the popular brands tend to decrease. Comparative advertisement is considered unethical when the comparison provides the consumer with fake information and misleads the customer on purpose. Hence unethical comparative advertisements may also result in lawful proceedings. In accordance with one court any oblique remark, any indirect proclamation or any suggestions that may mean more than one thing are considered unethical. It is also considered wrong if an advertisemen t flatters their product in comparison to other. Furthermore, any sort of name calling, insulting and finger pointing are considered wrong and should be avoided at all possible costs when indulging in comparative advertisements. To keep a check and balance on comparative advertisements and to keep it within limits various organizations in the United States such as American Association of Advertising Agencies, the National Association of Broadcasters and the FTC have issued do’s and don’ts of comparative advertisements. One such example is of NBC, which says that the companies should not discredit, disparage or attack the competitors, products or industries in an unfair way (BoveÃŒ e & Arens, 1982). A list of guidelines by The American Association of Advertising Agencies is made up of ten points which ensures that a comparative advertisement remains within the ethical boundaries. The first point

Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically Essay

Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically analyzing their argument. Clearly spell out how and why the premises lead to the conclusion - Essay Example That is true to a certain extent. When it comes to the fact that an unborn child is growing inside the mother, that does not mean she has the right to abort the pregnancy. It may be a fact that involuntary childbirth has caused deaths (Lee and George 2005). However, some people do not look at the fetus as a person. People forget, when it comes to abortion, that the unborn child and the mother are two separate entities. Thus, in all actuality, the child is only hitching a ride with mother for only a few months until it is ready to make its way into this world (Kidd 1999). The mother may have rights to be happy. But even our own government, which is full of hypocrites, wrote into our Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal and are endowed rights by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Kidd 1999). This proves that even the fetus that is being carried by the mother has the right to live since it was created by God. Furthermore, if a woman pregnant with child is killed by someone, that person is going to be charged with two murders, not one. The law even takes in account the unborn child and prosecutes for the untimely death of the child inside the mother’s womb as well as the mother herself (ChristiaNet). Some people would lead us to believe that the fetus is not a person until it has the ability to be sentient and think for itself. The problem I see in that statement refers to young newborn children. If you say yes that a fetus is not a person since it cannot think for itself, then you must think that a newborn is not a person either. Newborns do not have the ability to think for themselves either. However, we still consider them people. Biologically, how can a fetus not be considered a person? At six weeks of gestation the fetus begins to develop a heartbeat. Thus, to me this essentially shows us that the fetus is a person. Also, it has been proven that a

My Immortal Soul Essay Example for Free

My Immortal Soul Essay Plato has roused many readers with the work of a great philosopher by the name of Socrates. Through Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his time. A topic of Socrates that many will continue to discuss is the idea of â€Å"an immortal soul†. Although there are various works and dialogues about this topic it is found to be best explained in The Phaedo. It is fair to say that the mind may wonder when one dies what exactly happens to the beloved soul, the giver of life often thought of as the very essence of life does it live on beyond the body, or does it die with it? Does the soul have knowledge of the past if it really does live on? In Plato’s The Phaedo, Plato recounts Socrates final days before he is put to death. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens and not following the rights of Athenian religion.[1] Socrates death brings him and his fellow philosophers Cebes, Simmions, Phaedo, and Plato into a perplex dialogue about this notion of an afterlife and what does one have to look forward to after death. Death is defined as the separation of the body from the soul. In The Phaedo death has two notions a common one which is the basic idea that the soul dies and the physical, idea that the soul separates from the body after death. â€Å"The soul is most like that which is divine, immortal intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and ever self-consistent and invariable, whereas body is most like that which human, mortal is, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble, and never self-consistent.† (Phaedo)[2] According to Socrates, knowledge is not something one came to understand but it was actually imprinted on the soul. Knowledge to Socrates was an unchanging eternal truth, something that could not be acquired through experience and time. Socrates friends believe that after death the soul disperses into the air like a breath. On the contrary Socrates believes that the soul is in fact immortal and if one wants to become free of pain they way to do so is to exempt themselves from the physical pleasures of the world. In this dialogue Socrates and the philosophers explore several arguments for this idea of an immortal soul. These arguments were to illustrate and verify that death is not the dying of body and soul collectively, but when the body dies the soul continues to live on. Socrates offers readers four main arguments: The Cyclical Argument, which is the idea that forms are fixed and external. The soul is the sole purpose of life in this argument, and therefore cannot die and it is also to be seen as virtually never-ending. Next is The Theory of Recollection, which insists that at birth everyone has knowledge that the soul experienced in another life. Meaning that the soul would have had to be existent before birth to bear this said knowledge. The Form of Life Argument confers that the soul bears a resemblance to that which is imperceptible and godly because it is abstract. The body bears a resemblance to the perceptible and the corporeal because it is objective. The Affinity Argument maybe the simplest of all. It reiterates Socrates thoughts of the body and soul, in saying that when the body dies and decomposes our soul will continue to exist in another world.[3] Since the soul is immortal it has been recycled many times, and has also experienced everything there is to experience, for Socrates and Plato this idea of recollection is much deeper than remembering something once forgotten. Socrates views knowledge as something that cannot be learned but the soul recalls it as it is being recycled. Grasping the understanding that things come to be beings by being composed of something pre-existing and when ceased these parts will continue to exist. Focusing on The Theory of Recollection, this is the claim that knowledge is innate, and cannot be learned. â€Å"What you said about the soul. They think that after it has left the body it no longer exists anywhere, but that it is destroyed and dissolved on the day the man dies.†(Cebes)[4] Socrates’ point for this argument is that our soul with holds this knowledge and we are born with it. Although we do not remember things before we are born it is said that certain experiences can nevertheless re awaken certain aspects of that memory. For example in The Meno, Socrates raises a mathematical problem to Menos slave boy, who does not have any prior training in mathematics. The boy thinks he knows the answer but Socrates makes him see that his initial hypothesis of the answer is wrong. By purely asking questions, Socrates gets the slave boy to state the right answer. Socrates insists that he has not told the boy the answer, but through questioning the slave boy, Socrates aided him to recollect the slave boy’s own knowledge of mathematics.[5] Furthermore Socrates also makes another example of recollection by stating if one were to come in contact with a picture or an item of a beloved then it would be simple to recall said person to the mind. This is the idea of how recollection works. If we examine this example and change certain aspects of it, it does not become very clear either. If a picture of a beloved one was shown to a stranger it is safe to say that the stranger would not be able to recall any thoughts, memories or details of the person in the photograph because they do not have any prior knowledge of said person. In order for the stranger to do so they would have had to been in acquaintance with that person in the photograph at one time or another. This act of resemblance is easier for someone who already knows the person. Plato also uses an example of a vehicle stating that before a vehicle is mobile there were parts that were made to turn it into a vehicle such as the engine, steering wheel, and etcetera. He continues to make the point that even after the vehicle breaks down that these pieces will still remain to create the next vehicle. According to Plato ordinary objects participate in this recollection of platonic forms themselves; these things remind of us platonic forms because the soul once encountered it. He persists that the soul must have ex isted because of this. All of which are ways to reiterate that this idea that knowledge is imprinted on the soul may have validity to it. In essence there was time where only the soul existed and it soon found a home in a body of another, making it now a mortal being(birth). Reincarnation is not only a rebirth of the soul but the neutralization of the knowledge one attained before birth as well. Then there is a period where our a priori knowledge seems to disappear only to reappear when it is recalled. It is claimed that we lose our knowledge at birth; then by the use of our senses in connection with particular objects we recover the knowledge we had before. However, this relationship between the perception of sensible objects and our capacity of finding knowledge can produce a series of confusions concerning whether it is possible to recall all prior knowledge. The problem in this argument and certain aspects of this notion of an immortal soul is that even if it were proven that we were made up something before birth, and something will remain after death, it is not for certain that it is the soul. Through scientific study it is understood that the body is also made of atoms it is also known that atoms existed before the body and will continue long after the body. The atoms that make up the body will in fact be recycled as well just as Socrates has the concept that the soul lives on. Plato and Socrates were correct on the idea that certain parts were in pre-existence does come to make one existent and will exist after death. Although even with this idea one cannot be certain that the soul is one of the parts of the body that is solely immortal. There is not adequate information given by Plato or Socrates to make this argument suffice. We must raise an inquiry of why is that in order to think of perfection we must have already had to have seen it? Aside from philosophical views, in everyday life we encounter imperfections and it is safe to say that the mind is capable of wondering what something of beauty, perfection, or a perfect circle appears to be. The mind is also able to think about these ideas even if the soul has never encountered it. If these arguments prove anything it proves that The Theory of Recollection and The Cyclical Argument both attest that the soul existed before but the arguments do not prove that the soul will continue to exist after this life. Works Cited 1. Cahn, M Steven. Classics of Western Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc 2006 2. Morgan, K, 2000, Myth and Philosophy from the pre-Socratics to Plato, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Partenie, Catalin, Platos Myths, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . (April 11th2010) [1] Cahn- Plato’s, The Phaedo [2] Quote from the philosopher Phaedo [3] Socrates theories discussed by Plato [4] Phaedo 70a [5] Plato’s The Meno

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant Abstract This paper describes the planning for an Arabic Restaurant. We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. This supports the intended family income from the restaurant. We actually expect better performance than this. Background This section discusses different material pertains to background information for the project. The purpose of the project We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Reasons for this project Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. Restaurant owners It is hoped that when all of the conditions are met that my husband and I (Salem and Aishah Almutiri) will own this new restaurant Location of the Restaurant We want to open the restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah Street. We could serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. Target Opening Date Wed like to open for business by the end of 2012. Provided Attributes for Customers: The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. Requirements for Employees: Service personnel will be well trained in preparing and serving traditional Arabic meals with frequent refresher training provided. The manager will visit our competitors frequently to stay current. Problems Issues This section describes problems and issues divided under the following categories. Identify and secure a location The restaurant must be suited to the desired restaurant format. It must have separate eating areas for men and women. It must be convenient for the desired clientele that is business men and professionals. We must negotiate a lease with a clear termination clause. Write and price a menu The menu must have a clear composition for start up. It can be changed later as needed. The menu must standard enough so that ordering is convenient but different enough to make the restaurant appealing. It should be colourful and interesting. Pricing is critical. The pricing must draw customers and also make a profit. We want to be in the middle of the prices of our competitors. Investigate Regulations We must identify all building codes and regulations. We will need to know all personnel and clientele safety regulations, especially regarding food preparation and storage conditions. Identify Costs We will need to know all the costs before we begin. This starts with the cost of opening. The building will need to be prepared to suit our needs, particularly the separate eating areas. Well need to price the equipment and furnishing. Well need to price advertising for both the staff and the opening. Well also need to price the necessary licenses and Permits. We also will need to know the continued Cost of operating the restaurant. This will include Lease, insurance, utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Identify funding Well need to prepare a business plan to support funding requests and assure payback. We may need to obtain a loan for the opening. This will probably come from a silent partner or limited partnership. Risk Analysis This section describes the risks we anticipate for the project and the precautions we will take to manage them. Risks Bad Location We could get less traffic or less predictable traffic than expected. We might have a higher crime rate than expected. We might get a less affluent clientele than expected. Staff Problems The Chef or other key staff might leave. Overestimated sales to investment ratio We may spend too much on furniture decorations. The operating expenses may go up, including Lease or rent, and food. Trouble with hired aliens documentation Un-documented workers may cause problems with the authorities. Disturbances at site There may be disagreements between the staff and the customers which could hurt future business. Catastrophic damage Emergencies such as fire, bad weather could cause damage and closures with loss of business. Vandalism and theft could also cause damage. Health problems We could have sickened customers due to contaminated food. Failure to manage bookkeeping We could experience employee theft or unexpected taxes. Expand facility beyond customer demand We may expand capacity and not get the expected increased business. Risk Management Examine proposed Location Well need to determine the expected flow of traffic and verify the traffic in the area for different days and months. Well need to minimize the threat of crime. We can do this by Verifying a low crime rate and by interviewing the police and the neighbours. We can also restrict operating hours to avoid late night traffic. Establish client quality Well need to observe dress of people and vehicles in the proposed area before committing to the location. Avoid Staff problems We want to offer the staff competitive salaries and incentives for staying. We should also give key personnel, such as the chef, some form of profit sharing. Assure healthy sales to investment ratio We must limit opening expenses, such as the costs of furniture and decorations. Assure operating expenses are as stable as possible: We must negotiate a good lease with a predicable rent. We should determine reliable food suppliers nearby to the site. Avoid trouble with hired aliens documentation Well need to determine and follow all government regulations concerning foreign workers. We should not hire any undocumented workers. Minimize Disturbances at site We will establish good relations with all staff, and promote a culture of respect. Well Train the staff to handle difficult customers with role-playing. The management should set the example in all interactions with the staff. Mitigate risk of catastrophic damage: We should carry sufficient catastrophe insurance to cover reasonable anticipated damage. Avoid Health problems: We should get proper health certification from the appropriate agencies. Well need to learn and observe all of the relevant health regulations. We will assure that the staff is properly trained regarding these regulations. Manage bookkeeping: We will hire a good accountant to check the books. Well inform the staff that cheating will result in dismissal. Avoid risky Expansion of facility We will assure that any expansion plan is well justified by a carefully revised business plan. Costs In this section we will describe opening and continuing costs. Opening costs Well need to pay fees for various licenses. Well need to prepare the building. We will need to negotiate a good lease and pay the first months rent and deposit. The estimated monthly cost for a typical property (1500 sq. ft at $14) would be $21,000 per month. Well need to buy equipment and furnishings. Table 1 Opening Cost Item $US SR Rate $1 3.75 Building preparation(separate eating areas) $30,060 112,725.00 licenses and Permits (at .2% of cost) $60 225.00 Contractors for modifications installations $30,000 112,500.00 First month and deposit $42,000 157,500.00 Equipment $40,500 ÂÂ  151,875.00 Kitchen $16,800 63,000.00 Stove $6,600 24,750.00 Sinks $1,500 5,625.00 Refrigeration $2,000 7,500.00 Dishwasher $2,000 7,500.00 Preparation tables $700 2,625.00 Cookware $5,000 18,750.00 Dry storage area $1,000 3,750.00 Dining room $20,800 78,000.00 Chairs Tables (290=180 seats) $18,000 67,500.00 Decoration (budget) $500 1,875.00 Wait stations $800 3,000.00 Beverage Dispensers $1,500 5,625.00 Reception $1,900 7,125.00 Front desk $400 1,500.00 Waiting area furniture $1,000 3,750.00 2 Cash Registers $500 1,875.00 Advertising $1,000 3,750.00 For staff $500 1,875.00 For opening. $500 1,875.00 First month operating cost $74,641 279,903.75 All Opening costs $187,201 702,003.75 Red=Group total; Blue = Sub-Total Total Opening cost will be $187,201or 702,003.75 SR Operating costs This will include Lease, insurance (based on 10% annually for investment), utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Table 2 Operating Cost Item $US SR Lease $21,000 78,750.00 Interest $1560.01 5850.00 Insurance $1,800.00 6,750.00 Utilities $900.00 3,375.00 Electricity $500.00 1,875.00 Gas $200.00 750.00 Water $200.00 750.00 Staff Salaries $10,000.00 37,500.00 1 Chef $1,500.00 5,625.00 3 Kitchen helpers $300.00 1,125.00 4 Servers $400.00 1,500.00 2 buss people $300.00 1,125.00 2 Receptionists $500.00 1,875.00 Staff Food Lodging* $7,000.00 26,250.00 Food Beverages $24,000.00 90,000.00 Non Food Consumables $16,000.00 60,000.00 Total cost $75,260.00 $276,375.00 Red=Group total *Compensation will include food and lodging Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. Project Profit A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this. Table 3 Meal Revenue Item $US SR Meal $30 112.50 People $90 337.50 Meals $3 11.25 Days $7 26.25 Weeks rev $56,700 212,625.00 Months rev $243,810 914,287.50 Months profit $168,550 632,062.47 Summary We have investigated opening an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant: separate service for men by men and for women by women slightly affected the opening cost. It is to be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The intent was to make enough money to support the family and this seems justified. We intended to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this.