Humes Affirmation Essays - David Hume, Empiricism,

Hume's Affirmation Hume's affirmation David Hume makes a strong affirmation in section IV of an Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Hume states, I shall venture to affirm as a general proposition, which admits of no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not, in any instance attained by reasonings a priori; but entirely from experience. In this statement, when discussing knowledge of this relation, Hume is referring to the relation between cause and effect. This argument can easily be dismissed as skeptical, for it puts all knowledge of this sort in doubt. However, Hume does not hastily doubt that this knowledge is not a priori, as a skeptic would. Instead Hume offers a sound argument as to why cause and effect knowledge can not be a priori, and thus his argument is not skeptical at all. Before Hume commits himself to this affirmation, he establishes several things first. He explains that all reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. In support of this, Hume explains that, if asked, any man believing in a matter of fact would give as a reason in support of this fact, some other fact. It is from this that Hume concludes that all reasonings concerning fact are of the same nature. It is here that one continually assumes that there is a connection between the current fact and that, which is inferred from it. Furthermore, Hume states where there nothing to bind them together; the inference would be entirely precarious. Meaning, any matter of fact is supported only by another matter of fact, and if this connection is removed, one is left with a fact that is completely dependent. In addition, any fact will ultimately be dependent on a primary fact, which in turn is founded on cause and effect. It is only after Hume establishes thi s that he affirms that knowledge of this relation is never attained by reasonings a priori. Knowledge based on cause and effect, for Hume, relies entirely on human experience, and it is for this reason that it can not be a priori. Hume does not blindly state this proposition, he supports it with several examples that I find irrefutable. He suggests that no man when presented with gunpowder can imagine the explosion that can follow. The same is true when discussing the consequences of releasing a stone from one's hand. Without prior knowledge, it would be impossible to predict that the stone would fall to the ground. No object ever discovers, by the qualities that which appear to the senses, either causes which produced it, or the effects which will arise from it; nor can our reason, unassisted by experience, ever draw any inference concerning real existence and matter of fact. It is here that Hume proves that knowledge based on cause and effect relies solely on experience and can not be based on reasonings a priori. Knowledge that is a priori is the exact opposite of knowledge that is obtained through experience. For the very definition of a priori is knowledge that is presupposed as prior to experience. It is apparent, from Hume's past arguments that certain things are impossible to know prior to experience. Hume applies this same reasoning to all the laws of nature, and all the operations of bodies. He states that it is the influence of custom to infer that anyone without prior knowledge, would be able to predict the communication of motion between one Billiard-ball to another upon impulse. Hume follows by stating, were any object presented to us, and were we required to pronounce concerning the effect, which would result from it, it would be impossible to do so, without consulting past observation. In all aspects of matter of fact, Hume has provided sufficient evidence, to support his affirmation. A skeptical argument is one in which everything is doubted. Hume is certainly not doubting everything when affirms that knowledge relating to cause and effect is never a priori. For it is in this same affirmation that he offers an alternate explanation to knowledge of this relation. Instead of solely doubting, as a skeptic would, Hume offers experience as an alternate explanation to the relation between matters of fact. While Hume does deny

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison Free Online Research Papers The narrator of Invisible Man is telling more a story of self-discovery. A lot of times self narration comes with self-reflection and the Narrator later comes to realizes that all his roles have been created by the environment and culture around him. Throughout the story the narrator has no sense of self worth. Only the stereotypical roles that others have given him, and he bases his ideas on the options of others. As the narrator puts it: â€Å"my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone’s way but my own. I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself† (560). Nevertheless, by the end of the book he finally understands the fact that life in America mainly consists of a color barrier between two colors; yet, he is still invisible, but no longer is he blind. His new view of reality teaches him that he is obligated to return to society â€Å"since there’s possibility that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play† (568). Ellison spent seven years writing Invisible Man, his one and only novel. â€Å"Invisible Man is [considered] literary fiction because of its in-depth exploration of one mans psyche and its innovative style.† (â€Å"Invisible Man Genre†). Invisible Man is the story of a young man who considers himself â€Å"invisible† to the world around him. He goes on to explain that his invisibility is not the result of a biochemical accident and that he is not a spirit. He is invisible due to others refusing to see him because of his skin color. The narrator says that being invisible serves as both a benefit and a constant exasperation. He depicts his anguished need to make others recognize him, and say he has found that such attempts rarely succeed. The narrator hides away in his invisibility preparing for his unnamed action. The narrator recounts an incident in which he was bumped into by a tall, blond-haired man in the dark; the man insulted him and the narrator attacked him. Only at the last minute, he came to his senses, stopping himself from slitting the man’s throat. The next day, the narrator reads about the incident in the newspaper; the attack is described as a mugging. He comments on the irony of being mugged by an invisible man. Now, the narrator hibernates in his invisibility† (Spark Notes Editors). He states that the beginning of his story is actually the end. The narrator is not sure of who he is because his â€Å"identity has been dictated by the white-dominated society† (â€Å"Narrator in Invisible Man†). The narrator goes on a journey of self-discovery. The story takes place in the American South and Harlem, New York, where he meets people that further alter his life. Throughout the novel, Ellison uses many literary devices to illustrate the narrator’s persistence to finding himself. The narrator finds his first job working at the Liberty Paints plant. Upon his arrival on his first day, he sees a huge electric sign that reads â€Å"KEEP AMERICA PURE WITH LIBERTY PAINTS.† The Liberty Paints plant is most famous for its Optic White paint. In order to create the color, the narrator is to put ten black drops of toner in each bucket. It symbolizes â€Å"the necessity of the black contribution to white America† (â€Å"Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory). Reverend Homer A. Barbee preaches at the chapel services at the college. He wears dark glasses. On day, after giving his sermon, Barbee stumbles upon returning to his chair causing his glasses to fall from his face. The narrator catches a quick glimpse of Barbee’s eyes, and realizes that Reverend Barbee is blind. Brother Jack, a man from an organization in Harlem called the Brotherhood, has a false left eye. The narrator sees the sight problems as a representation of the blindness of the human race. Although this blindness if not of a physical nature, the human race refuses to see others for who they are. The setting itself is symbolic of the human tendency to judge at first glance. The narrator is born and raised in the American South. When travels to New York he realizes the large difference between the North and South. He is surprised to find the white drivers obeying the directions of a black policeman. He wonders if some of the things he does will be considered insulting, such as leaving a tip on the table for a white waitress. Unlike when he was in the South, the narrator experiences a sort of racial freedom in the North. Yet, he feels that his skin color will determine how he will be perceived by others. Whether it is by the white men of the Brotherhood or the self-proclaimed nymphomaniac, he would be judged by his skin color first then by who he is. The tone of the story says a great deal about the narrator. He could have easily made the story nothing more than a depressing story about racial injustice. Instead, he told the story in a blunt but thoughtful way. It allows for a more reflective edge to the story. The story is told from first person point of view allowing the tone to remain soft versus scolding. The narrator tells his story from his own experiences, allowing for a personal development of the narrator and no other character. The treatment of the characters mirrors the treatment the narrator experienced throughout the story. Every other character in the story is one-dimensional. There are set types of people but they are fairly simple. Todd Clifton is a member of the Brotherhood. There is a point in the story where Brother Clifton is on the street selling Sambo dolls. The narrator further examines the doll to find that Clifton is controlling it with black string hidden from the audience. The doll itself is a symbol of the narrator. The strings are held by the white men of the Brotherhood. The strings may also be controlled by everyone that manipulated the narrator in his life. The narrator remembers giving the graduation speech at his high school graduation. During his speech he urges that for the progression of Black America everyone should practice modesty and obedience because it is the key. His speech was received so well, and it was such a success that the town arranges for him to deliver the speech at an assembly of the community’s leading white citizens. Upon the narrator’s arrival to give his speech he is instructed to take to take part in the â€Å"battle royal† that appears to be a part of the evening’s entertainment. The narrator, and his classmates put on boxing gloves and proceed enter the ring. The white men place blindfolds on the youths and order them to fight each other viciously. The narrator’s unwillingness to resist or even protest what the white men were doing to him, and his classmates is apparent when he says We were rushed up to the front of the ballroom, where it smelled even more strongly of tobacco and whiskey. Then we were pushed into place. (Ellison 18-19) Instead of denying them the ability to place him in a situation that he found uncomfortable, he just goes along with the plans. The narrator finds himself facing defeat in the last round, and when it came time for the narrator to give his speech, the white men laugh and ignore him as he quotes the larger sections of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition Address. The men award him a calfskin briefcase containing a scholarship to the state college for black youth. The briefcase is symbolic of his naivety and youth. His final loss of the briefcase represents a severance from his past. Recalling his time at college, the narrator remembers the college’s bronze statue of its Founder, a black man. He illustrates the statue as cold and fatherly, its eyes empty. At the end of his third year, the narrator takes a job driving Mr. Norton, one of the college’s white millionaire founders around campus. Ellison alludes to other works of literature in his story Invisible Man. The narrator encounters a street vendor selling bake yams. He buys one and when he bites into it, he is reminded of his home in the South. In Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust, the author eats into a madeleine and immediately recollects his childhood in Belle Époque France. In Invisible Man, Ellison does Proust one better by imbuing the moment with not only a definitive character transformation, but by the consumption of a second, frostbitten yam (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). Ellison also makes references to such historical figures as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute as a way for newly freed slaves to get their education. A more overt connection to Booker T. Washington in Invisible Man comes when the narrator writes of his grandparents: About eighty-five years ago they were told that they were free, united with others of our country in everything pertaining to the common good, and, in everything social, separate like the fingers of the hand. This is a direct allusion to Washingtons 1895 Atlanta Compromise address, when he said, In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. DuBois expresses his theory of the double-consciousness possessed by blacks. According to DuBois, blacks know and understand what it is to be both an American as white Americans understand it and what it is to be a black American. DuBois thought this had both ups and downs, just as the narrator’s invisibility has its cons and pros. Ellison uses theme as a constant developmental element for the story. Such themes as, identity, race and ideology are few of the many present in the novel. In Invisible Man, identity is a conflict between self-perception and projection of others. The narrator’s identity is invisible to those around him. Not until he separates himself from society can he truly come to understand himself. Although throughout the novel the narrator’s race depicts how he is perceived by society, the novel is aimed at transcending race and all the other ways humanity has used to categorize people. For a long time, the narrator is defined by his race which led to invisibility. The book â€Å"Invisible Man† apparently tends to promote a political philosophy which makes very appealing to an emotional individual. It rejects all forms of ideology, arguing that ideology focuses too much on the collective perception at the expense of the individual. The infusion of power appears depicted in nearly all of the relationships of Invisible Man. More so the power of white males appears to dominate the narrator’s view throughout the novel, this is also apparent in situations where there are no white males present. Other people who hold any form of power keep it only through the largesse or generosity of white men. Admiration is particularly prominent towards the beginning of Invisible Man, when the narrator takes Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton to be role models. By the end of the novel, the narrator apparently has no admiration for anyone. The narrator finds that Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton are extremely flawed role models, and the he realizes that he can only depend on himself. Ralph Ellison used many literary elements to illustrate the life of the narrator. The narrator remained nameless but was still a much more rounded character when compared to the others in the story. He has depth to his personality versus being seen as a single type of person. Nonetheless it proves to be important. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was a book written by an unknown writer that quickly established him as one of the best of his time. The book remained on the bestsellers list for an incredible sixteen weeks. The story of the invisible man is one which best connects with the civil rights movement during that time in history which later lead to African American leaders like Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X. The book might have not been responsible for the changes we see today, but it continues to intrigue readers, even casual readers like me. His withdrawal from society and low profile gave him a chance to create his own identity, and to find himself. His education give him the abilities to achieve what he wanted and give himself a slightly higher status than most African American, and the advice that his grandfather gave him the drive needed to fight back. His invisibility not only saved his life, but it allowed him to become himself. He became a more satisfied man at the end of the novel. In conclusion, it is clear that the narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man finds an identity through his education, his grandfathers advice, and his invisibility. Each of these three things plays a key role in his finding of himself. Upon Ralph Ellison finishing his book he was most likely feeling the strain of being a black man in a world that saw him as less than a man. It is most likely this feeling of unrest that lead to the title of the book, because despite being of flesh and blood the world he lived in did not see him, thus the title â€Å"Invisible Man.† Work Cited Ellison, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Invisible Man.† New York Random House, 1952 Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Genre. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010 Shmoop Editorial Team. Narrator in Invisible Man. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Spark Notes Editors. â€Å"Spark Note on Invisible Man.† SparkNotes.com. Spark Notes LLC. 2002. Web. 21 Jun. 2010. Research Papers on Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo EllisonMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships Essay

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships - Essay Example The modern technology may also be applied to operate as â€Å"floating storage and regasification units â€Å"(FSRU) especially in receiving terminals situated in offshore. In US, UK, Brazil and in Argentina, LNG carriers are operating with onboard regasification facilities. FSRU offers many advantages over traditional on-shore liquefaction. It is most effective as contrasted to on-shore liquefaction. Further, a considerable amount of time and money spent on onshore/onsite construction and shipyard construction can be avoided. FSRU technology also addresses â€Å"NIMBY† issues, and it is less exposure to terrorism and conflict. Owners can achieve greater flexibility through the redeployment process. Further, FSRU offers shorter phase to markets than compared to on-shore regasification plants.All LNG carriers shall have double hulls. LNG is carried in near the atmospheric pressure in specifically built insulated tanks, which is being referred as the â€Å"cargo containment s ystem† located inside the inner hull. International codes stipulate the design and assembling of LNG ships. Additional and extra international safety guidelines are set out in the codes which differ with the type of cargo that carrier will carry. All commercial LNG vessels have to be registered with at least in one country known as â€Å"Flag State†.LNG Carriers must adhere to all specific international and local regulatory needs including those of Internationals Gas Carriers Code (IGC), the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and US Coast Guard (USCG).All flag states implement the International Maritime Organisation Rules as regards to the International Safety Management Code(ISM), the IGC, and the global Convention on Standards of Training the certification and Watching. Further, a flag state in which LNG carrier is registered may impose further requirements in addition to the international codes. In the shipping industry, there exists a classification society w hich is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which acts as an integral part of the industry and is always cited as â€Å"Class†.

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Essay

What are RayJay Walsh's strengths and weaknesses as the narrator of Beamish Boy What ideas about thinking and making meaning does the choice of RayJay as a narrator raise - Essay Example His vocabulary is not developed and language used is simple and even crudely innocent at times. The reader then is able to create a highly realistic picture of the scenarios described in the book. This can be inferred from the beginning of the story itself: â€Å"My kite is black and plastic spread out flat and black against the grass and underneath the wind is shaky. Wind is a snake. Water is a snake and grass is a snake and snake is wind and water but snake is not grass. Upon reading this, the reader can picture the kite trailing behind the little boy flying along the grass. To his mind the blips, twists and bops of the kite as it skims the surface of the grass seems to be that of a snake moving, like water and wind make things move, he associates such movements with the only things he understands. The narrator repeats similar ideas and sentences, reinforcing the scene in the writers mind. The child that he is, his mind is very easily distracted oscillating from one idea to another and back gives a sense of a whirlwind of ideas, as is with any 5 year old, making the story highly realistic. He is as any young boy fixated on his kite. His thoughts move from his kite to the ocean to his sister and back to his kite. Further, the multiple use of the word ‘and’ only increases the descriptive nature of the story. The reader does not have to use his imagination, the story paints a picture; â€Å"There are no trees except the ones far away, just a clothesline and flat yellow grass and big grass hissing in the back†. This in itself is evidence of where the family was vacationing. The use of the word ‘and’ as well as multiple adjectives to describe the same situation lends to the story a higher degree of realism. This can be seen further â€Å"When I open the refrigerator, fog falls out the way the sun does here† The use of highly descriptive words are almost poetic in the way that they convey an emotion or activity, as only done by a

Speculative Development Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Speculative Development Project - Assignment Example At a distance it seems fine but there were the run of flats which were interrupted on the east side and a massive portico is provided which faces the axis of Brunswick Square. Theo Crosby, writing an appraisal in the Architectural Review, remarked on the massive portico facing the axis of Brunswick Square. In the evening light the tall thin columns stand out against the chiaroscuro background. This feature focuses more on open space rather enticing potential users from Russell Square station. There are two proposals: Turn the Brunswick into an office space or into residential apartments. If the Brunswick was to be converted into office space it will greatly enhance the environment in the public realm. The estimated cost of the project would be about 22 million. If we were to covert the Brunswick into office space the aim would be to: The Brunswick is a grade II listed building situated in the heart of the Bloomsbury conservation. It is in the area between Bernard Street to the south, Brunswick Square to the east, Handel street to the north and Marchmont Street to the west. The goal of the project would be to honor the building's original intention while at the same time producing an environment that would bring about a newly energetic commercial life into the area. Residential Space If we were to convert the Brunswick into an residential area the express aim would be to "respect the needs of the local residents and business people but still retain the building's original architecture. Originally the Brunswick was to be a low rise development-a blending of the urban housing, shops and offices that would have provided a link between Bloomsbury square and the streets. Due to the economic climate the building was never completed to its original goals, as a result long leases held by residents of the area were sold to the London Borough of Camden to provide low-income public housing. Feasibility of Residential Space Residents of the area has seen The Brunswick's potential, as a result many have already started to buy property. The flats have been snapped up. The flats have doubled in price over the last couple of years- a

Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease

Role of Magnetic Field in Parkinsons Disease Role of Magnetic Field in Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Jehan Zaib Ali Khan, M.Phil. Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disease. It is due to less production of Dopamine in brain. There is no permanent treatment of this disease. But with the passage of time some useful techniques and medicines are developed for diagnosis and treatment, to overcome its signs. MRI and TMS are also included in these techniques. Magnetic Field is basic thing in these techniques. Role of magnetic field is very useful to diagnose and to cure this disease but there is need of further research and work to make these techniques more effective and safe. I have studied and reviewed different researches about these techniques and try to summarize the role of magnetic field in this article. Keywords: magnetic field (MF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS), parkinson’s disease (PD), deep brain simulation (DBS), repeated transcranial magnetic simulation (rTMS) Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder. It is very chronic disease. Patients with this disease have great difficulty in movement. They also face non-motor complications like loss of appetite, sleep deprivation and pain. There is no permanent solution of this disorder. But with the passage of time some techniques and medicines are developed for proper diagnosis and treatment to overcome its symptoms. Levodopa is a basic medicine to fulfill the requirement of dopamine because lack of dopamine in brain is the basic cause of this disease. But there are some side effects of Levodopa. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of chronic dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). The overall prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesias ranges from 40%-90% and is related to the underlying disease process, pharmacologic factors, and to the duration of high dose levodopa therapy.[1] In that case another method is necessary to cure PD and overcome d yskinesias. For this purpose artificial week magnetic fields can be used that have dramatic effect.[1] For diagnosis purpose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very useful. Another step in this direction is functional MRI which describes the neural mechanism of movement automaticity in PD patient.[2] Magnetic Field and Diagnosis of PD: MRI uses strong magnetic field, radio waves and computers to produce detailed images of interior of body. It gives 3-D image representation of internal parts of body. In this way, it is very useful for diagnosis of PD. MRI scanner contains powerful magnets. A strong magnetic field is created by passing an electric current through the wire loops. During this process, other coils in the magnet send and receive radio waves. This triggers protons in the body to align themselves. Once aligned, radio waves are absorbed by the protons, which stimulate spinning. Energy is released after exciting the molecules, which in turn emits energy signals that are picked up by the coil. This information is then sent to a computer which processes all the signals and generates it into an image.[3] Functional MRI is advance form of MRI. It can be used to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of movement automaticity in Parkinson’s disease patients.[2] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an efficient instrument in the symptomatic therapy of PD. Functional MRI can be used safely for this purpose. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used quite widely in studies dealing with DBS and with PD. fMRI has never used for this purpose but safety of fMRI during thalamic DBS has been proven by a study with a heterogeneous group of patients suffering from neurological disorders.[4] Single pulse transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS) can be used for investigation and diagnosis.[5] Magnetic Field and Treatment of PD: In 1992, it was reported that reported that extracranial treatment with picotesla range magnetic fields is an effective, safe, and revolutionary modality in the management of Parkinsonism. Also for those patients, whom are facing levodopa-induced motor complications. [6][7] It also produces improvements in non-motor aspects like sleep, appetite, pain, mood and sexual behavior. A comprehensive study on a PD patient shows that magnetic field in the range of picotesla is very useful as antiparkinsonian. In this way it reduces the requirement of antiparkinsonian medicines like levodopa.[7] In 2008, Therapeutic effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) were investigated by Toshiaki FURUKAWA and others in PD with cognitive dysfunction known as impaired set switching. They apply rTMS on six patients and monitor these patients by using different tests. They applied 0.2-Hz rTMS over the frontal region at an intensity of 1.2 x. They concluded that when combined with drug therapy and rehabilitation, rTMS appears to be useful for maintaining and improving function.[8] TMS basis on principle of inductance to get electrical energy across the scalp and skull without the pain of direct percutaneous electrical stimulation. It involves placing a small coil of wire on the scalp and passing a powerful and rapidly changing current through it. This produces a magnetic field that passes unimpeded and relatively painlessly through the tissues of the head. Magnetic field induces week electrical current and to produce enough current to excite neurons in the brain, the current passed through the coil must change within a few hundred microseconds.[5] Transcranial magnetic simulation is very useful for treatment of this neurological disease but it is not permanent solution. A patient suffering from PD needs this therapy on regular basis. Sometimes medicines are also required besides of this therapy. Therefore there is need of further research and investigation to improve that treatment of PD.[8] Although single pulse TMS is very useful for investigation purposes and rTMS is very useful for treatment but rTMS may be harmful for by kindling effects as well as the past history of possible misuse of electroconvulsive therapy. It can produce adverse effects on human body like headache, effects on hearing, kindling and effects on hormones. Metallic hardware near the coil can be moved or heated by TMS, presence of metal may be harmful.[5][9] Therefore it needs to take some safety measures to control harmful effects of magnetic field. There should use simulation parameters in safe range like duration of rTMS, frequencies and intensities.[5] Future of MF in Diagnosis and Treatment of PD: Magnetic field is very useful for treatment of diagnosis and treatment of PD. But there is need of further improvement of techniques based on the use of magnetic field. These techniques can become most suitable for patients of PD reducing harmful effects of MF. In the future, the long-term therapeutic effects of rTMS, particularly with regard to the frequency, stimulation intensity and rTMS coil-type, need to be investigated Further developments related to the application of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease are expected.[8] Conclusion: Parkinson’s disease is chronic disorder. There are different medicines and techniques for its diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose use of magnetic field and its effects are very valuable. By using appropriate amount of MF one can overcome the symptoms of PD. There are some side effects of its use for diagnosis and treatment. But these side effects can be controlled by taking some necessary steps. It will not be wrong, if I say that by further research and investigation MF can become a good replacement of antiparkinson medicines. References: [1]D. K. Sandyk R , Anninos PA, Tsagas N, â€Å"Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson ’ s disease . PubMed Commons,† vol. 63, p. 1342026. [2]T. Wu and M. Hallett, â€Å"A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease,† Brain, vol. 128, pp. 2250–2259, 2005. [3]T. M. Deserno, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, 2010. [4]R. Jech, D. Urgosà ­k, J. Tintera, a Nebuzelskà ½, J. Krà ¡senskà ½, R. Liscà ¡k, J. Roth, and E. RÃ…Â ¯zicka, â€Å"Functional magnetic resonance imaging during deep brain stimulation: a pilot study in four patients with Parkinson’s disease.,† Mov. Disord., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1126–32, 2001. [5]E. M. Wassermann and E. M. Wassermann, â€Å"Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,† Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 108, pp. 1–16, 1998. [6]â€Å"Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate neurite outgrowth in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line . PubMed Commons,† vol. 92, no. 6, p. 24523147. [7]R. Sandyk, â€Å"Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with magnetic fields reduces the requirement for antiparkinsonian medications.,† Int. J. Neurosci., vol. 74, pp. 191–201. [8]T. Furukawa, S. Izumi, M. Toyokura, and Y. Masakado, â€Å"Effects of Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson ’ s Disease,† vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 63–71, 2009. [9]P. M. Rossini, P. M. Rossini, S. Rossi, and S. Rossi, â€Å"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential,† Neurology, vol. 68, p. 484, 2007.

A Career in Sports Management Essay -- Career Research

Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person will make in their life. Most people try to pick the career with the best financial gain and something they would like to do for the rest of their life. Foremost it is wise to see what the job entails. Sport Management is perfect for those who enjoy helping and working with people, especially when dealing with sports. The next part of the decision-making process is looking through the various schooling and training required. Lastly, take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages. Usually with great salaries comes a big responsibility with high stress. â€Å"The sports industry in the U.S. is a $200-billion-dollar-plus powerhouse, with superstar athletes, lucrative endorsement deals, and all the free press an ego can handle† (Lawyue 1). The profession of a sport management professional has a very specific work description, requires specific schooling and training, and comes with a variety of benefits and disadvantages. As time progresses, watching and supporting sports is becoming more and more popular as a main source of entertainment. Many people have found ways to connect their jobs with their passion of sports. â€Å"The multibillion-dollar sports industry offers employment opportunities for management, marketing, and supervisory professionals at all levels of competition† (Sports Management 1). Depending on a person’s interests, there are jobs in professional, amateur, and even school sports. Once a person decides on a sport management career, it needs to be determined which area he or she more specifically wants to go into based on his or her interests and abilities. There is a wide range of groups who employ sport management pr... ...rks Cited Lawyue, Mathew. How to Pick a Sport Management Program. Undergraduate News. Bloomberg Businessweek. 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 18 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Major: Sports Management.† Princetonreview.com. The Princeton Review, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014. â€Å"Manager.† Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia manager> Paulson, Edward. The Complete Idiots Guide to Starting Your Own Business. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2000. Print â€Å"Professional Sport.† Education-portal.com. MGMT Professions., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014 â€Å"Sport Management.† Library.semo.edu. Kent Library Research Guide, n.d. Web. 18 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Sports Management.† Careers.stateuniversity.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014 â€Å"What is Sport Management.† Winthrope.edu. Winthrope, n.d. Web. 15 Sep. 2014.

Integrative Therapy Essay

I started my first class of counselling today. I was very nervous and excited at the same time. I was nervous because I had not been in formal education for the past ten years and excited because I was going to do something for myself after 3 years of sitting at home and focus on something other than domestic issues. I arrived to my first class late and that made me more apprehensive. Looking around I noticed that there were people from different age and background. I started the class by telling others about myself and listened to them. I felt like I was in a group therapy, in a way it actually was because we were using our listening skills, which I believe is essential part of counselling. As it happened at the end of the task I was less nervous than I was at the beginning. Our next task was to find a partner and talk about ourselves to each other. We talked about our lives and it was up to us how much to tell our partner and to share it with the rest of the group. Again here, our listening skills were tested. This task also acted as ice breaker where the atmosphere of the class become more relaxed as we listened to each individual’s life and their achievements as well as their aspirations. I realised that most of the people who attended the course were there because of their life experiences propelled them to this course and that they felt they have something to give back as counsellor, or that they may learn some counselling skills to help them with their own lives. As for myself, since studying counselling as part of my degree course 10 years ago, I have wanted to become a counsellor. I always was motivated to help others. My only inability is and has been my lack of confidence. This is not because I don’t have the ability to listen and help others, but just that I am not a confident speaker and my communication skills needs to be enhanced and by doing this course I am hoping to overcome both and be prepared for further qualifications in counselling. During the class in groups we also discussed, what we want from rest of the group and what is required of me. There were some points, such as, Respect, Confidentially, Honesty, Being non- judgmental, etc, that we all agreed on. We ended the class by â€Å"checking out†, where we said how we felt and what we learned, like me, the rest of group was also more relaxed and were looking forward to the rest of the course. I see this course as learning route, where by the end of it I have learned some counselling skills, hopefully I will also overcome my own issues, which might have an impact on my role as a helper.

Word Choice Cent, Scent or Sent

Word Choice Cent, Scent or Sent Word Choice: Cent, Scent or Sent? It can be tricky to know which word to use, especially when using homophones (words that sound the same as one another). Understandably, some people mix up the words cent, scent and sent. Today, we explain what each one means and when you should use them. Cent (A Penny) The word cent is pronounced with a soft c that sounds like an s. It comes from the Latin word centum, meaning one hundred. It first started being used as a noun for currency in 1786. Since then, it has always referred to a coin worth one hundredth of a dollar: I’m really struggling for money. I’m down to my last cent. Scent (A Smell) The c in this word is silent. It comes from the Latin sentire, meaning sense. It is a noun meaning odor and is almost always applied to pleasant smells, such as perfume or flowers: The roses had such a lovely scent that she fell in love at once. Scent can also be used as a verb, especially when referring to an animals sense of smell. For example: The shark scented the blood in the water. Sent (Dispatched) Sent is the past tense of the verb send, which means dispatch. This word comes from the Old English sendam, which means send forth, throw or impel: I sent my Great-Aunt a chocolate cake through the mail. Cent, Scent or Sent? Hopefully this has cleared up the meanings of these terms a bit! Remember: Cent is a term for currency (one hundredth of a dollar) Scent  is to do with smells and the sense of smell Sent is the past tense of send and means dispatched Happy writing!

Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essays

Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essays Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essay Why we should not allow performance-enhancing drugs in sports Essay Performance enhancing drugs considerably influence sports and athletes. Players have to pay heavy price for their life when involved in using performance enhancing drugs. Though drugs improve athlete’s performances like sports technology and equipment but its practice is not rewarded by athlete fans. It is a universal outlook of populace that players must reflect their natural talent to give superior performance which is admired with great fervor. But some advocates and athletes oppose this statement and argue for significance of performance drugs in sports. The main issue in today’s sport is that on what grounds, these drugs are banned that can help them to get more out of their training and practice. Some challengers argue that drugs and special diets have always been a part of the Olympics and permitting athletes to consume drugs may enhanced their knowledge of the human body and such drugs could encourage sport participation. Activists who are against allowing performance enhancing drugs squabble that if people know the athlete has deceiving, they will not really enjoy watching their performance as much. The present paper focuses on the hot theme which is revolving in the use of performance enhancing drugs in sports. It provides strong arguments against allowing performance enhancing drugs with supportive facts. It is voiced by dictators that victory at all will not be appreciated if drugs are used by athlete. Permitting drugs could also lead to casual use for those who might want to build up their muscle tone. If the public came to know that sports turn around just drugs and less athleticism, the television viewers and audience at sports contests will decrease very speedily. In such a case, spot organization has to face serious financial problems for the athletes. Drug scandals may cause the media and athletic sponsors to juggle around with their promise to that particular sport. Athletes were using drugs to enhance their performance from early times. In the games of the third Olympiad, Thomas Hicks won the marathon after receiving an injection of strychnine in the middle of the race (Seventh Report of Session 2003-2004). The first official ban on stimulating substances by a sporting organization was initiated by the International Amateur Athletic Federation in 1928. In 1976, the East German swimming team won 11 out of 13 Olympic events, and later took legal action the government for giving them anabolic steroids (New York Times 2004). The use of illegal substances is prevalent despite the health risks, and despite the regulating body’s efforts to abolish drugs from sport. Most athletes are also relatively improbable to ever undergo testing. The International Amateur Athletic Federation approximates that only 10-15% of participating athletes are tested in each main contest. Everyone recognizes that drugs are against the rules. Sport organizers must have to define the rules of sport. If the drugs are legalized and freely available, the consequences will be dangerous such health hazards and loss faith of public. People perform well at sport as a result of the genetic makeup that happened to deal them a captivating hand. The capability to perform well in sporting events is determined by the ability to deliver oxygen to muscles. Oxygen is carried by red blood cells. The more red blood cells, the more oxygen player can carry. This in turn controls an athlete’s performance in aerobic exercise. If it is raised naturally, it is well accepted. But the injection of EPO which is a natural hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, increasing the packed cell volume (PCV) the percentage of the blood comprised of red blood cells was officially banned in 1985 because it is against sports ethics (JAMA 1996; 276:231-7). Health factor involved in using EPO intravenously is that raising the PCV too high by this injection can cause serious health problems. The risk of harm quickly augments as PCV gets above 50%.

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists Essay

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists - Essay Example ition (in all of its senses, military or paramilitary, solutions, specialist courts or tribunals.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.1) Conventional criminals mostly commit crimes in their own country and hence the trials of such criminals are easy for the court. On the other hand in most of the cases terrorist commit crime in another country and hence their trial often poses lot of headaches to the court. Four essentials of a conventional criminal trial system are: strong and independent prosecutors; efficient and properly paid defence lawyers; ready access by defence lawyers to their clients in custody; and a modern communications system. (Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales) Conventional trial of a criminal often conducted in a criminal or magistrate court with the help of a judge, prosecutors, criminal advocates, witnesses etc. The judge will hear the claims of both the prosecution advocate and the criminal advocate before reaching the conclusion and declaring whether the accused committed any crime or not. In order to convince the judge the advocates (prosecution and criminal) usually presents evidences and witnesses along with the first information report (FIR) by the police who investigated the crime. The advocates will cross exam the evidences and the witnesses in order to prove their arguments. Finally the judge will reach a conclusion after hearing and evaluat ing all the arguments and evidences and will declare his verdict. Trial of a terrorist usually involves lot of complicated procedures. Quiet often special courts have been put up in order to conduct a proper and fair trial for the crime conducted by the terrorists. â€Å"In deciding whether to charge suspected terrorists, and in conducting their trials, prosecutors have difficult choices to make while maintaining proper standards of conduct. The first question, however, is how and in what context terrorists should be prosecuted.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.10) â€Å"Civilian courts do not provide

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative Essay

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative advertisement - Essay Example Ever since its approval, comparative advertisements has been compared to a double edged sword in which it promotes one product whereas demotes the other. An ideal comparative advertisement provides the customers with honest and sincere information in order to compete with a product so that the consumers can make a better choice while purchasing the commodity. Various researches proved that comparative advertisements help to create awareness among consumers, hence, the less popular brands become popular and the market for the popular brands tend to decrease. Comparative advertisement is considered unethical when the comparison provides the consumer with fake information and misleads the customer on purpose. Hence unethical comparative advertisements may also result in lawful proceedings. In accordance with one court any oblique remark, any indirect proclamation or any suggestions that may mean more than one thing are considered unethical. It is also considered wrong if an advertisemen t flatters their product in comparison to other. Furthermore, any sort of name calling, insulting and finger pointing are considered wrong and should be avoided at all possible costs when indulging in comparative advertisements. To keep a check and balance on comparative advertisements and to keep it within limits various organizations in the United States such as American Association of Advertising Agencies, the National Association of Broadcasters and the FTC have issued do’s and don’ts of comparative advertisements. One such example is of NBC, which says that the companies should not discredit, disparage or attack the competitors, products or industries in an unfair way (BoveÃŒ e & Arens, 1982). A list of guidelines by The American Association of Advertising Agencies is made up of ten points which ensures that a comparative advertisement remains within the ethical boundaries. The first point