Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically Essay

Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically analyzing their argument. Clearly spell out how and why the premises lead to the conclusion - Essay Example That is true to a certain extent. When it comes to the fact that an unborn child is growing inside the mother, that does not mean she has the right to abort the pregnancy. It may be a fact that involuntary childbirth has caused deaths (Lee and George 2005). However, some people do not look at the fetus as a person. People forget, when it comes to abortion, that the unborn child and the mother are two separate entities. Thus, in all actuality, the child is only hitching a ride with mother for only a few months until it is ready to make its way into this world (Kidd 1999). The mother may have rights to be happy. But even our own government, which is full of hypocrites, wrote into our Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal and are endowed rights by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Kidd 1999). This proves that even the fetus that is being carried by the mother has the right to live since it was created by God. Furthermore, if a woman pregnant with child is killed by someone, that person is going to be charged with two murders, not one. The law even takes in account the unborn child and prosecutes for the untimely death of the child inside the mother’s womb as well as the mother herself (ChristiaNet). Some people would lead us to believe that the fetus is not a person until it has the ability to be sentient and think for itself. The problem I see in that statement refers to young newborn children. If you say yes that a fetus is not a person since it cannot think for itself, then you must think that a newborn is not a person either. Newborns do not have the ability to think for themselves either. However, we still consider them people. Biologically, how can a fetus not be considered a person? At six weeks of gestation the fetus begins to develop a heartbeat. Thus, to me this essentially shows us that the fetus is a person. Also, it has been proven that a

My Immortal Soul Essay Example for Free

My Immortal Soul Essay Plato has roused many readers with the work of a great philosopher by the name of Socrates. Through Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his time. A topic of Socrates that many will continue to discuss is the idea of â€Å"an immortal soul†. Although there are various works and dialogues about this topic it is found to be best explained in The Phaedo. It is fair to say that the mind may wonder when one dies what exactly happens to the beloved soul, the giver of life often thought of as the very essence of life does it live on beyond the body, or does it die with it? Does the soul have knowledge of the past if it really does live on? In Plato’s The Phaedo, Plato recounts Socrates final days before he is put to death. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens and not following the rights of Athenian religion.[1] Socrates death brings him and his fellow philosophers Cebes, Simmions, Phaedo, and Plato into a perplex dialogue about this notion of an afterlife and what does one have to look forward to after death. Death is defined as the separation of the body from the soul. In The Phaedo death has two notions a common one which is the basic idea that the soul dies and the physical, idea that the soul separates from the body after death. â€Å"The soul is most like that which is divine, immortal intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and ever self-consistent and invariable, whereas body is most like that which human, mortal is, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble, and never self-consistent.† (Phaedo)[2] According to Socrates, knowledge is not something one came to understand but it was actually imprinted on the soul. Knowledge to Socrates was an unchanging eternal truth, something that could not be acquired through experience and time. Socrates friends believe that after death the soul disperses into the air like a breath. On the contrary Socrates believes that the soul is in fact immortal and if one wants to become free of pain they way to do so is to exempt themselves from the physical pleasures of the world. In this dialogue Socrates and the philosophers explore several arguments for this idea of an immortal soul. These arguments were to illustrate and verify that death is not the dying of body and soul collectively, but when the body dies the soul continues to live on. Socrates offers readers four main arguments: The Cyclical Argument, which is the idea that forms are fixed and external. The soul is the sole purpose of life in this argument, and therefore cannot die and it is also to be seen as virtually never-ending. Next is The Theory of Recollection, which insists that at birth everyone has knowledge that the soul experienced in another life. Meaning that the soul would have had to be existent before birth to bear this said knowledge. The Form of Life Argument confers that the soul bears a resemblance to that which is imperceptible and godly because it is abstract. The body bears a resemblance to the perceptible and the corporeal because it is objective. The Affinity Argument maybe the simplest of all. It reiterates Socrates thoughts of the body and soul, in saying that when the body dies and decomposes our soul will continue to exist in another world.[3] Since the soul is immortal it has been recycled many times, and has also experienced everything there is to experience, for Socrates and Plato this idea of recollection is much deeper than remembering something once forgotten. Socrates views knowledge as something that cannot be learned but the soul recalls it as it is being recycled. Grasping the understanding that things come to be beings by being composed of something pre-existing and when ceased these parts will continue to exist. Focusing on The Theory of Recollection, this is the claim that knowledge is innate, and cannot be learned. â€Å"What you said about the soul. They think that after it has left the body it no longer exists anywhere, but that it is destroyed and dissolved on the day the man dies.†(Cebes)[4] Socrates’ point for this argument is that our soul with holds this knowledge and we are born with it. Although we do not remember things before we are born it is said that certain experiences can nevertheless re awaken certain aspects of that memory. For example in The Meno, Socrates raises a mathematical problem to Menos slave boy, who does not have any prior training in mathematics. The boy thinks he knows the answer but Socrates makes him see that his initial hypothesis of the answer is wrong. By purely asking questions, Socrates gets the slave boy to state the right answer. Socrates insists that he has not told the boy the answer, but through questioning the slave boy, Socrates aided him to recollect the slave boy’s own knowledge of mathematics.[5] Furthermore Socrates also makes another example of recollection by stating if one were to come in contact with a picture or an item of a beloved then it would be simple to recall said person to the mind. This is the idea of how recollection works. If we examine this example and change certain aspects of it, it does not become very clear either. If a picture of a beloved one was shown to a stranger it is safe to say that the stranger would not be able to recall any thoughts, memories or details of the person in the photograph because they do not have any prior knowledge of said person. In order for the stranger to do so they would have had to been in acquaintance with that person in the photograph at one time or another. This act of resemblance is easier for someone who already knows the person. Plato also uses an example of a vehicle stating that before a vehicle is mobile there were parts that were made to turn it into a vehicle such as the engine, steering wheel, and etcetera. He continues to make the point that even after the vehicle breaks down that these pieces will still remain to create the next vehicle. According to Plato ordinary objects participate in this recollection of platonic forms themselves; these things remind of us platonic forms because the soul once encountered it. He persists that the soul must have ex isted because of this. All of which are ways to reiterate that this idea that knowledge is imprinted on the soul may have validity to it. In essence there was time where only the soul existed and it soon found a home in a body of another, making it now a mortal being(birth). Reincarnation is not only a rebirth of the soul but the neutralization of the knowledge one attained before birth as well. Then there is a period where our a priori knowledge seems to disappear only to reappear when it is recalled. It is claimed that we lose our knowledge at birth; then by the use of our senses in connection with particular objects we recover the knowledge we had before. However, this relationship between the perception of sensible objects and our capacity of finding knowledge can produce a series of confusions concerning whether it is possible to recall all prior knowledge. The problem in this argument and certain aspects of this notion of an immortal soul is that even if it were proven that we were made up something before birth, and something will remain after death, it is not for certain that it is the soul. Through scientific study it is understood that the body is also made of atoms it is also known that atoms existed before the body and will continue long after the body. The atoms that make up the body will in fact be recycled as well just as Socrates has the concept that the soul lives on. Plato and Socrates were correct on the idea that certain parts were in pre-existence does come to make one existent and will exist after death. Although even with this idea one cannot be certain that the soul is one of the parts of the body that is solely immortal. There is not adequate information given by Plato or Socrates to make this argument suffice. We must raise an inquiry of why is that in order to think of perfection we must have already had to have seen it? Aside from philosophical views, in everyday life we encounter imperfections and it is safe to say that the mind is capable of wondering what something of beauty, perfection, or a perfect circle appears to be. The mind is also able to think about these ideas even if the soul has never encountered it. If these arguments prove anything it proves that The Theory of Recollection and The Cyclical Argument both attest that the soul existed before but the arguments do not prove that the soul will continue to exist after this life. Works Cited 1. Cahn, M Steven. Classics of Western Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc 2006 2. Morgan, K, 2000, Myth and Philosophy from the pre-Socratics to Plato, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Partenie, Catalin, Platos Myths, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . (April 11th2010) [1] Cahn- Plato’s, The Phaedo [2] Quote from the philosopher Phaedo [3] Socrates theories discussed by Plato [4] Phaedo 70a [5] Plato’s The Meno

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant

Planning for an Arabic Restaurant Abstract This paper describes the planning for an Arabic Restaurant. We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. This supports the intended family income from the restaurant. We actually expect better performance than this. Background This section discusses different material pertains to background information for the project. The purpose of the project We want to open an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant will be: separate service for men by men and for women by women. It will be convenient for business and professional people. I will also be suited to Parties and celebrations. It will be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The service will be for three meals with additional service for coffee, tea, and snacks. Reasons for this project Wed like to make enough money to support the family. We want to expand our interest in Arabic Food. We wish to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. Restaurant owners It is hoped that when all of the conditions are met that my husband and I (Salem and Aishah Almutiri) will own this new restaurant Location of the Restaurant We want to open the restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah Street. We could serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. Target Opening Date Wed like to open for business by the end of 2012. Provided Attributes for Customers: The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. Requirements for Employees: Service personnel will be well trained in preparing and serving traditional Arabic meals with frequent refresher training provided. The manager will visit our competitors frequently to stay current. Problems Issues This section describes problems and issues divided under the following categories. Identify and secure a location The restaurant must be suited to the desired restaurant format. It must have separate eating areas for men and women. It must be convenient for the desired clientele that is business men and professionals. We must negotiate a lease with a clear termination clause. Write and price a menu The menu must have a clear composition for start up. It can be changed later as needed. The menu must standard enough so that ordering is convenient but different enough to make the restaurant appealing. It should be colourful and interesting. Pricing is critical. The pricing must draw customers and also make a profit. We want to be in the middle of the prices of our competitors. Investigate Regulations We must identify all building codes and regulations. We will need to know all personnel and clientele safety regulations, especially regarding food preparation and storage conditions. Identify Costs We will need to know all the costs before we begin. This starts with the cost of opening. The building will need to be prepared to suit our needs, particularly the separate eating areas. Well need to price the equipment and furnishing. Well need to price advertising for both the staff and the opening. Well also need to price the necessary licenses and Permits. We also will need to know the continued Cost of operating the restaurant. This will include Lease, insurance, utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Identify funding Well need to prepare a business plan to support funding requests and assure payback. We may need to obtain a loan for the opening. This will probably come from a silent partner or limited partnership. Risk Analysis This section describes the risks we anticipate for the project and the precautions we will take to manage them. Risks Bad Location We could get less traffic or less predictable traffic than expected. We might have a higher crime rate than expected. We might get a less affluent clientele than expected. Staff Problems The Chef or other key staff might leave. Overestimated sales to investment ratio We may spend too much on furniture decorations. The operating expenses may go up, including Lease or rent, and food. Trouble with hired aliens documentation Un-documented workers may cause problems with the authorities. Disturbances at site There may be disagreements between the staff and the customers which could hurt future business. Catastrophic damage Emergencies such as fire, bad weather could cause damage and closures with loss of business. Vandalism and theft could also cause damage. Health problems We could have sickened customers due to contaminated food. Failure to manage bookkeeping We could experience employee theft or unexpected taxes. Expand facility beyond customer demand We may expand capacity and not get the expected increased business. Risk Management Examine proposed Location Well need to determine the expected flow of traffic and verify the traffic in the area for different days and months. Well need to minimize the threat of crime. We can do this by Verifying a low crime rate and by interviewing the police and the neighbours. We can also restrict operating hours to avoid late night traffic. Establish client quality Well need to observe dress of people and vehicles in the proposed area before committing to the location. Avoid Staff problems We want to offer the staff competitive salaries and incentives for staying. We should also give key personnel, such as the chef, some form of profit sharing. Assure healthy sales to investment ratio We must limit opening expenses, such as the costs of furniture and decorations. Assure operating expenses are as stable as possible: We must negotiate a good lease with a predicable rent. We should determine reliable food suppliers nearby to the site. Avoid trouble with hired aliens documentation Well need to determine and follow all government regulations concerning foreign workers. We should not hire any undocumented workers. Minimize Disturbances at site We will establish good relations with all staff, and promote a culture of respect. Well Train the staff to handle difficult customers with role-playing. The management should set the example in all interactions with the staff. Mitigate risk of catastrophic damage: We should carry sufficient catastrophe insurance to cover reasonable anticipated damage. Avoid Health problems: We should get proper health certification from the appropriate agencies. Well need to learn and observe all of the relevant health regulations. We will assure that the staff is properly trained regarding these regulations. Manage bookkeeping: We will hire a good accountant to check the books. Well inform the staff that cheating will result in dismissal. Avoid risky Expansion of facility We will assure that any expansion plan is well justified by a carefully revised business plan. Costs In this section we will describe opening and continuing costs. Opening costs Well need to pay fees for various licenses. Well need to prepare the building. We will need to negotiate a good lease and pay the first months rent and deposit. The estimated monthly cost for a typical property (1500 sq. ft at $14) would be $21,000 per month. Well need to buy equipment and furnishings. Table 1 Opening Cost Item $US SR Rate $1 3.75 Building preparation(separate eating areas) $30,060 112,725.00 licenses and Permits (at .2% of cost) $60 225.00 Contractors for modifications installations $30,000 112,500.00 First month and deposit $42,000 157,500.00 Equipment $40,500 ÂÂ  151,875.00 Kitchen $16,800 63,000.00 Stove $6,600 24,750.00 Sinks $1,500 5,625.00 Refrigeration $2,000 7,500.00 Dishwasher $2,000 7,500.00 Preparation tables $700 2,625.00 Cookware $5,000 18,750.00 Dry storage area $1,000 3,750.00 Dining room $20,800 78,000.00 Chairs Tables (290=180 seats) $18,000 67,500.00 Decoration (budget) $500 1,875.00 Wait stations $800 3,000.00 Beverage Dispensers $1,500 5,625.00 Reception $1,900 7,125.00 Front desk $400 1,500.00 Waiting area furniture $1,000 3,750.00 2 Cash Registers $500 1,875.00 Advertising $1,000 3,750.00 For staff $500 1,875.00 For opening. $500 1,875.00 First month operating cost $74,641 279,903.75 All Opening costs $187,201 702,003.75 Red=Group total; Blue = Sub-Total Total Opening cost will be $187,201or 702,003.75 SR Operating costs This will include Lease, insurance (based on 10% annually for investment), utilities, Staff (including the Chef), Food and Beverages. Table 2 Operating Cost Item $US SR Lease $21,000 78,750.00 Interest $1560.01 5850.00 Insurance $1,800.00 6,750.00 Utilities $900.00 3,375.00 Electricity $500.00 1,875.00 Gas $200.00 750.00 Water $200.00 750.00 Staff Salaries $10,000.00 37,500.00 1 Chef $1,500.00 5,625.00 3 Kitchen helpers $300.00 1,125.00 4 Servers $400.00 1,500.00 2 buss people $300.00 1,125.00 2 Receptionists $500.00 1,875.00 Staff Food Lodging* $7,000.00 26,250.00 Food Beverages $24,000.00 90,000.00 Non Food Consumables $16,000.00 60,000.00 Total cost $75,260.00 $276,375.00 Red=Group total *Compensation will include food and lodging Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. Project Profit A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this. Table 3 Meal Revenue Item $US SR Meal $30 112.50 People $90 337.50 Meals $3 11.25 Days $7 26.25 Weeks rev $56,700 212,625.00 Months rev $243,810 914,287.50 Months profit $168,550 632,062.47 Summary We have investigated opening an Arabic Restaurant called Summit Arabic Food. The Unique aspects of the restaurant: separate service for men by men and for women by women slightly affected the opening cost. It is to be an Arabic Restaurant with a seating capacity of 90 for each gender (180 totals). The intent was to make enough money to support the family and this seems justified. We intended to serve the community and express our Arabic culture. The restaurant would be in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on a famous street such as Altahlyah St. It would serve people from the malls and businesses in the area. The Restaurant would be specialized for same gender service to be very convenient for eating in a relaxed setting. It would be open on Holidays and pay extra to the holiday help. We analyzed the risks and costs and expected profits and found all of them to be manageable. The Total Opening cost will be $187,201 or 702,003.75 SR. Total Operating cost will be $75,260 or 276,375 SR per month. A conservative estimate of the monthly revenue indicates a monthly profit of $168,550 or 632,062.47 SR, based on the operating costs above. We actually expect better performance than this.

The Story of Medusa :: essays research papers

There are many variations of the story of Medusa. Yet, I find this one more detailed and precise. Medusa is apart of the chain of Greek Mythology, these stories, or legends are not real and usually said to get a point across, or entertainment. Medusa also shows the relationship the society had with women at that time. Medusa was a Gorgon, The Gorgon's where three sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. Their names where Stethno, Euryale, and Medusa. Stethno and Euryale where immortal, however Medusa was a mortal. The three sisters where known to be so ugly, if anyone looked at them they would be killed instantly. Medusa was a Queen who reigned in the land around Tritons in Libya. She used to be a beautiful Maiden and Triton fell in love with her. Medusa, after her encounter with Triton, Athena, turned into an ugly woman with snakes as hair, and anyone that looked upon her would turn into stone. Medusa had this spell cast upon her by Athena because, Medusa and Poseidon where caught sleeping together in one of Athena's temples. Athena then became very angry and in her rage, turned Medusa into an ugly woman. Thus, as the story goes Perseus (the son of Andromeda and Zeus), is assigned to assassinate Medusa. He kills her by coming to her in her sleep, then using a mirror looks to see her face, careful not to look at her, he cuts her head off. The blood that splurged from her neck made the country of Libya infested, because her blood turned into snakes. It is also said that Heracles is said to have obtained a lock of Medusa's hair, which possessed the same power as her head, from Athena. He gave it to Sterope, the daughter of Cepheus, as protection for the town of Tegea against attack. When exposed to view, the lock was supposed to bring on a storm, which put the enemy to flight. In my mind Medusa has many different symbolic qualities.

Studying Mangroves

Water temperature was measured using a thermometer. The pH was determined using a pH meter, and salinity was measured using the handheld TOGA refractors. Mangrove Damage and Recovery Assessment The methods employed In this study were based from Roth (1992) and Taylor et al. (2013) with some modifications. In the island of Butting, seven 100 mm plots were established. The plots established were based on the vegetation types present. L. Species Composition All mangroves rooted within the plots were recorded and Identified In slut. The Handbook of Mangroves in the Philippines – Panky by Primeval et al. 004) and Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves also by Primeval (2009) were used as principal resources in identifying the species. Mangroves were categorized into three: trees, saplings, and seedlings. For Individuals having greater than or equal to 2. 5 CM DAB (girth at breast height, or 1. 3 m above ground level), they were categorized as trees. GHB (CM) of each tree was measured using a measuring tape. For forking or branching stems, measurement was done separately. For the seedlings and saplings, they were only identified and counted.Other observations, such as debris and abstract type, were also noted. II. Recovery Typhoon Impacts on the areas were recorded. Trees wealth the plots were Judged as dead or alive, and assigned to one of three structural impact categories: standing, fallen, or snapped. The approximate height of breakage for snapped trees was also whether well reformatted, poorly reformatted, or dead were recorded. Ill. Regenerative Capacity In assessing the regenerative capacity, the number of seedlings and saplings were monitored every month from February until April 2014. Live and dead plants were noted. Data AnalysesThe forest vegetation was evaluated using the following formula described by Croà »ton teal in 1984. Density was measured species wise and total in each plot as follows: Total density of all species = sum of all species densiti es (2) Basal area was measured species wise and total in each plot as follows: Basal area (mm) of each species = 0. 005 x DAB (7) Importance value of a species = relative density + relative dominance + relative frequency Species diversity was described according to the Shannon index (H) based on importance value of a species (N') and sum of importance value for all the species (N). H = NUN log NUN (10)

Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs in All Tenses

Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs in All Tenses For an English language learner, regular verbs are consistent and easier to learn than irregular verbs. The main difference between regular and irregular verbs is in the past participle and past simple. For regular verbs, you just have to add -ed for both the past participle and past simple: I visited my friends in Milan. (past simple)Shes visited her friends in Milan throughout the years. (present perfect)   Irregular verbs, on the other hand, are more complicated and often need to be studied individually because they dont follow a single pattern. The following example sentences in all tenses will help students learn irregular verb forms in context. Example Sentences Using Irregular Verbs Click on one of the irregular verbs listed below for example sentences using the verbs in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. To help you choose the verb you need, each verb includes three example sentences  to get you started. be  / was / were / been Tom was in New York yesterday.Ive been at this job for a long time.Shell be at the party next weekend. beat /  beat / beaten We beat the home team yesterday.Ive never beaten Tom at chess.Do you think you could beat him? become  / became / become Jason has become an excellent doctor.Ill become your friend if you move here.The situation became a problem for Bob. begin  / began / begun They havent begun the play yet.I began to work early this morning.Shell begin to explain in a moment. bend  / bent / bent He bent the branch until it broke.The flag poll bends in the wind.Ive bent the nail in the board.   break  / broke / broken My boy has broken three windows this week!I broke that window last week.She usually breaks the egg over the sink.   buy  / bought / bought Janice bought a new watch last week.I usually buy my vegetables at a country stand.Hes bought more than 10 cars in his life.   come  / came / come We came home earlier yesterday.He comes to class on time every day.Hes come across that song before.   cut  / cut / cut How many  pieces have you cut?I cut my finger on a glass yesterday.The boy never cuts his own steak. draw  / drew / drawn She drew a beautiful picture in class.Jackie has drawn a few clowns this week.Shell draw the money from the account tomorrow.   drink / drank / drunk I was so thirsty I drank two bottles of water.Have you drunk any water yet?Ill drink something when I get there.   drive  /  drove / driven Have you ever driven across the U.S.?I drove to the basketball game after work.Hes going to drive to the airport this evening.   eat /  ate / eaten We ate lunch early today.Have you eaten already?Where did you eat dinner yesterday? find  / found / found Have you found him yet?I found this book on that table over there.Ill find him, dont worry! fly /  flew / flown Cheryl flew to Brazil last month.Have you ever flown around the world?Hes going to fly a commercial airliner someday. forget  / forgot / forgotten (U.S.)  - forgot (UK) Have you forgotten that you had an appointment?I forgot my pen at home. Can I borrow yours?Youll have forgotten by the time you get home.   give /  gave / given   They gave us an early appointment.Hes given up on trying to learn Japanese.Ill give you a call next week.   go  / went / gone Have you ever gone on vacation alone?Shes going to ride the bus to work today.I went to the party last week.   grow /  grew / grown   She grew up very poor.The plants have all grown.Did you grow that plant? have  / had / had I had some toast for breakfast.Ive had some extra free time this week.Shell have the package ready when you come.   hit /  hit / hit Hes hit me three times!Bob hit the ball out of the park last night.He usually hits his nine iron well. hold  / held / held   She held on tightly and entered the tunnel.Ive held her hand before.Hold on for a few more minutes.   keep /  kept / kept Have you kept your word to Peter?John kept the door open for his mother.Ill keep your secret. know  / knew / known I knew that once ...Ive known my best friend for more than 40 years.Peter will know the answer.   learn /  learned (learnt UK) / learned (learnt UK) Have you learnt (learned) anything yet?He learned his lesson last week.This has been learned for ages.   leave  / left / left   We left the book at home.Hes left the house early this morning.Well leave as soon as you get home.   lose  / lost / lost I lost my watch yesterday.Shes never lost her purse.Theyll lose patience if you dont hurry up.   make / made / made I made the bed before I left.Ive made some tea. Would you like some?Will he make the meeting next week? meet / met / met Have you met Jack?Were going to meet at 3 oclock next week.He met his wife in Hawaii.   pay  / paid / paid He paid by credit card.Ill pay the bill and we can leave.Janet is paid by the hour.   put  / put / put She put on a CD and relaxed for the afternoon.Ive put in for a new job.Shell put him up for the night.   ride  / rode / ridden Mary rode the bus to work.Ive ridden a bike all my life.Shell ride with Tim to the party.   run  / ran / run I ran four miles yesterday.Weve run out of milk, so Ill go to the store.David usually runs two miles a day. see  / saw / seen Have you seen Angie yet?I saw the film last week.Shes going to see her friend next weekend.   If youd like to check your knowledge, take this  English irregular verbs quiz.

buy custom Cloud Computing essay

buy custom Cloud Computing essay 1. Differentiate between Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service and Software as a Service. According to Armbrust et al. (2010), the services that can be delivered through cloud computing are divided into Platform as a Service, Software as a Service, and Infrastructure as a Service. Software as a Service is the most widely used and user-friendly form of cloud computing as, in most cases, it can be accessed directly from the browser without a need to install or download applications. Vendors that provide Software as a Service can manage everything, from apps and O/S, to virtualization and networking. The example of Software as a Service is Gmail. Platform as a Services provides computational resources via a platform, allowing the developers to build a framework over this platform. Thus, they do not need to purchase additional layers of software and hardware. Unlike Software as a Service, with Platform as a Services, some aspects such as applications and data have to be managed by users, not by providers. Platform as a Services offers a wide range of benefits to the companies that look to increase the efficiency of their network performance and interactivity of a large personnel. The example of Platform as a Services is Apprenda that providers services for .NET and Java software development. Infrastructure as a Service provides computer infrastructure, storage, and networking. Thus, companies do not need to buy software and servers. Instead, users can pay for the services according to how many resources they use, which is similar to a rental fee. Out of all the three cloud computing services, Compared to SaaS and PaaS, with Infrastructure as a Service users are responsible for managing the most: apps, data, runtime, and O/S. 2. The authors claim: Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to operate it. Discuss the statement, pointing out whether and why you agree or disagree with the proposition. The companies do need to be worried about overprovisioning that tends to waste costly resources. In addition, they are not concerned about underprovisioning, which makes them miss potential clients and revenues. Cloud computing eliminates the capital expenses transforming them into operational expenses. It is beneficial when demand for a service is not constant for all times. Thus, a company can pay for using resources, leading to savings. Organizations that have the need for massive analytic tasks can use cloud computing to perform computations faster as using 1,000 machines for one hour is cost associative to using one machine for 1,000 hours. Such elasticity of resources without overpaying for large scale is a unique possibility for that has never been available in the history of IT before the companies (Armbrust et al., 2010). 3. Discuss the cloud computing economics, i.e. why cloud computing is an economic choice for companies of any size. Cloud computing is an economic choice due to pay as you go principle, as stated by Armbrust et al. (2010). Services obtained through cloud computing can be distributed unevenly. For example, a company can use 100 server-hours at one day and not use the service on the next one, and pay for 100. Thus, even if the services are more expensive than purchasing and maintaining ones own server over the same amount of time, Armbrust et al. (2010) argue that the expenses are compensated by such economic benefits as elasticity and transference of risk of over-provisioning and under-provisioning. Elasticity refers to the ability to change resources at a small scale, such as one machine at a time, and with a lead-time of minutes. In order to establish ones own servers, it can take weeks to order and install new equipment, so it must be purchased in advance. However, service providers cannot always make precise predictions. Therefore, the capacity is either overestimated or underestimated. Both cases lead to loss of revenuues, but while the overprovisioning can be easily estimated, the underprovisioning is more problematic to calculate. However, it can be more serious. Not only does a company lose potential profit, the rejected users may never come back (Armbrust et al., 2010). Cloud computing offer many benefits for companies of different sizes and their IT budget. Cloud services allow startup companies to quickly deploy into a rented infrastructure provided by a cloud vendor without having to buy loads of machines, hire operating personnel, and construct a data center. Small and middle-sized companies can use cloud computing services to instantaneously use the benefits of top-class infrastructure without having to obtain, install, and manage it. Large companies are less eager to use cloud services since they are being cautious. However, many of them use it to test the services with some non-mission critical application. 4. See table 2 for the article, on the main obstacles for cloud computing growth. Discuss each of the ten arguments presented in the article. 1. Business Continuity and Service Availability Users expect high availability from services similar to those of the popular services such as Google Search. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve. The problem lies in the viability of results from entrusting the management of a cloud computing service to a single vendor. The service provider may share software and accounting systems, so in case of any problem, the user risks to lose all the data. Another threat is that a company can even go out of business. Thus, the best way to manage it is to use multiple providers. 2. Data Lock-In Often, customers cannot easily get their data from one provider to run on a new one. One way to solve that problem is to make a single standard of the APIs so that a Software as a Service developer could provide across different providers. Therefore, the problem with one company would not make it lose all the data. Buy custom Cloud Computing essay buy custom Cloud Computing essay Cloud computing is a concept that has at its core a single element: on demand, computing services are delivered over the internet from a remote location, rather than through a desktop, a mobile device, laptop or even on an organizations servers. This implies that computing will become location and device independent, meaning that where information is housed or where processing is taking place will increasingly cease to matter. In a nutshell, computing tasks and information will be available any time from any device, provided there is access the internet (Michael, 2010). The diagram above shows the arms of cloud computing. Use of Cloud Computing In Business For individuals and organizations alike, the cloud concept is increasingly being viewed as an infinite, and not as a finite resource. In the same way, people use and pay for electricity as their energy needs change, is the same way computing has taken an on-demand, scalable form, an additional computation capacity, network bandwidth and storage can be added as needed (Michael, 2010). The current paradigm shift in the evolution of computing only means one thing: the advent of cloud computing is changing both our work and our personal lives. Benefits of Cloud Computing In Business The Creation of New Generation of Products and Services This is among the most important benefits of cloud computing. The economics of cloud computing is allowing firms to create products that were either hard or are relatively less expensive than the competition. Businesses are in a position to incorporate the economic advantage of cloud computing in their product formulations once they have experienced their success, especially if it works for their competitors (Michael, 2010). New business models and business ideas that require prohibitive amounts of computing power or scale or those that were hard to implement due to existing technical limitations and effectiveness, can now be realized with ease (Charles, 2010). Cloud computing has also allowed businesses to improve their storage, processing power and technological innovations that were not possible before. Cloud computing is making these opportunities unusually accessible. Companies traditionally outsourced their IT services some years ago. Unlike this traditional outsourcing of IT, cloud computing provides agility and control unmatched by traditional outsource for the most part. Cloud computing is making it easier for companies to switch than changing IT outsourcers (Nikolov, 2011). The awareness of the greater internet has reached a new leverage. Most companies are using cloud computing to access and interact with the online world in many ways, and it helps them in he employment of social tools, non-relational databases and a host of other technologies in their new cloud. The benefits of these applications are serving companies well by allowing them to acquire the skills and perspectives necessary to compete effectively in the 21st century. Easy Storage and Maintenance The responsibility of storing, maintaining and processing information is outside the company. The company therefore does not handle any glitches or malfunctions, meaning that the business does not need to participate in such problems. Improving Internal Communication Businesses are using cloud-computing solution in improving their internal communications. With in-house software, the storage of data may need one or more computers, and often requires manual entry and tedious communication efforts. This increases miscommunication error. However, with a web-based software solution, all the company executives and other staff interact with the same interface that reflects the same information. Everyone therefore views the same information which ensures consistency and improves internal communications to a great extent (Charles, 2010). Access to Accurate, Real-Time Information Businesses can access accurate and current information via cloud computing solutions. Web-based solutions focused on customer relationship management, which are used to track, store and monitor all the trends of individual customers and more significantly, it is accomplished in real time (Michael, 2010). This means that any employee is in a position to retrieve data on-demand and compile an accurate report reflecting the most current information. Understanding the Customer Since the current and accurate information is easily accessible to sales and marketing departments, they can analyze this information and look for opportunities for growth by using sales strategies that are specifically formulated to meet specific needs and interests of different customers (Charles, 2010). Improving Customer Relationship Management Customer relationship management is crucial to any business success in todays market place. Since sales and marketing departments strategies can be tailored to meet the specific needs of customers, and since these customers are given the opportunity to personalize their purchasing exchanges with the firm, the customer relationship is entire improved. When administrative work is cut, the resources that would have otherwise been used to keep information current manually can be used elsewhere, like carrying out market research. Better Business Tracking Top executive, partners and company heads are using cloud computing to carefully monitor the profitability of the business with more up-to-the-minute information (Michael, 2010). The ultimate goal of adopting cloud computing both in business and governments is cutting costs. Costs are cut in the data entry, IT departments, marketing research and customer call centers. Uses of Cloud Computing By the Government Cloud computing offers attractive advantages to the public sector by delivering infrastructure, software and services required in its operations. One of the most advantageous cloud computing opportunities for the public is the ability to share ICT resources among different agencies. Although governments have tried hard to provide the framework for shared services, these efforts have not always been rewarded. Governments have particularly found cloud computing important, since it offers an easier and less burdensome pathway for the efficient and effective management of public information (Nikolov, 2011). Governments also benefit from cloud computing through decreased maintenance or upgrades of IT resources. This allows improved resource utilization, flexibility, elasticity and efficiencies. Governments are also realizing improved economies of scale as well as improved collaboration capabilities (Nikolov, 2011). Cloud computing has also contributed to improved disaster recovery capabilities, since the public can access information more easily. Cloud computing is also green friendly, and has contributed to the achievement of reduced environmental degradation. Traditional computing required that each work station is installed with software that functions independently of other work stations. The software must be legally licensed to that station, and its maintenance had to be independent. This requires cost, time and energy since organizations have had to hire IT personnel to ensure the maintenance and proper functioning of each stations software. With the advent of cloud computing, the software is web based and one only requires internet access and a web browser. Organizations and governments have been relieved of many IT duties, and thus, costs, that would have otherwise been handled in the house. Cloud computing is changing the way organizations access and use ICT products and services. Instead of owning and managing ICT products and services or using the traditionally outsourced IT services, organizations and are finding it easier to employ cloud computing services since they can meet their ICT services using a flexible, on-demand and rapidly scalable system that does not require ownership on their part or dedicated resources on the cloud services provider. Buy custom Cloud Computing essay buy custom Cloud Computing essay Cloud computing has transformed the delivery and management of IT services. As a utility, cloud-computing solutions reduce IT expenses for individuals, agencies and businesses. It moves data and computing from the traditional portable devices and desktops to large data centers. With this revolution, the demand for cloud computing can be expected to grow exponentially (Hartig, 2009). However, as this technology develops, so do threats and vulnerabilities that affect many users. These vulnerabilities and threats may result to illegal access of critical or confidential data. With the innovation of cloud computing, users do not have to purchase hardware, software and storage devices. A provider through servers and networks can provide these services. Organizations should be aware of these threats and vulnerabilities as they embrace this technology in order to protect their users from crime. Abuse and Suspicious Use of Cloud Users receive various types of services from cloud providers, such as bandwidth and storage capacity. Some service providers provide their users with a free trial period that gives hackers and malicious users an opportunity to access the cloud with nefarious intentions. Spammers and other criminals take advantage of the simple procedures, relatively anonymous access and convenient registration to access the cloud and launch malicious attacks (Hicks, 2009a). Some of the impacts of their attacks include cracking passwords, decoding and building rainbow tables. Hackers and cybercriminals also take advantage of the fact that cloud service providers have limited fraud detection capabilities to launch dynamic attack points, conduct malicious data hosting and execute botnet commands. For example, some hackers use flash files and other content rich applications that allow them to install malware by utilizing users browsers (Spitzner, 2011) To lessen this threat, service providers need to establish stricter initial registration and validation processes. Credit card fraud monitoring and coordination efforts should be enhanced, as well as stepping up introspection of customer network traffic. Another area requiring rigorous monitoring is the public blacklists for the service providers network blocks. This will assist in protecting the integrity of clients data, some of which could be sensitive (Backhouse Dhillon, 2000). Insecure Interfaces and Application Programming Interfaces Cloud customers are able to interact and manage cloud services through interfaces and APIs. Service providers need to secure their service models because they play an important role in the orchestration, provisioning, and management and monitoring of the processes of running the cloud. Customers on the other hand, must be aware of the security risks associated with the use, implementation and management as well as monitoring of the cloud services (Schreiber, 2004). The security of these service models affects the security and availability of cloud services, and therefore, they should include features of authentication, access controls, encryption and monitoring of activities. A weak set of APIs and interfaces results to a variety of security issues, including malicious or unidentified access, API dependencies, inflexible access controls, reusable tokens/passwords, limited monitoring/logging capabilities, anonymous access, clear text transmission and/or authentication of content and improper authorizations. These security issues affect the confidentiality, integrity, availability and accountability of a data in the cloud. The security model of cloud providers interfaces should be analyzed to ensure they are effective. Service providers should implement strong authentication processes and access controls and in concert with encryption transmission. They should also be aware and understand the chain associated with the API (Flavio Roberto, 2010). Malicious Insiders Advanced persistent threats are some of the threats facing cloud computing in this era. Insider attacks are becoming a common occurrence in this technology and are orchestrated by employees at the provider or users site (Anderson Rainie, 2010). A malicious insider can access cryptographic keys and files as well as passwords that can allow them to participate in information theft, damage and fraud. Insiders can also by-pass or bend of security control and engage in other acts of security breaches, and hence, compromise the security controls established to safeguard information systems from attacks against integrity, confidentiality and availability of IT systems, networks and the data in the cloud. The problem of insider attacks has been on the rise especially due to lack of transparency in the processes and procedures of providing cloud services (Underwood, 2012). This means that a provider may not reveal how access is granted to employees and how their access is monitored and how reporting and policy compliance is analyzed. Additionally, customers may not understand the hiring practices of their service providers that could make room for an adversary, hackers or other cyber-criminals to steal confidential information or even take control of the cloud. The level of access granted could be an avenue for accessing confidential data or taking control of the cloud services with little or no risk of detection. Malicious insider attacks pose a great threat to the brand reputation and productivity as well as the financial well-being of an organization (Underwood, 2012). The overall premise behind insider attack is the use of much unsophisticated methods of tricking or coercing users into doing something they would normally not do. For example, an insider may send a phishing email to a user who ends up downloading a malicious code onto their computer or whichever device they are using. According to Spitzner (2011), one hundred percent of all successful compromises are a result of an insider assisting the attacke r. It is imperative that organizations implement policies to mitigate the threat of an insider taking part in an advanced persistent threat. Separation of duties is an important concept in the internal controls, though sometimes difficult and costly to implement. This objectiveis achieved by allocating tasks and associate privileges to multiple people for a specific security process. Separation of duties in the IT organization is fundamental and its the mandate of firms to apply it for regulatory purposes (Backhouse Dhillon, 2000). As a result, IT organizations should lay more emphasis on separation of duties in all their functions, especially security. Separation of duties achieves two objectives in relation to security. First, it prevents conflict of interest, wrongful acts, errors, fraud and abuse that occur in case of conflict of interest (Backhouse Dhillion, 2000). The other very important objective is the detection of control failures including information theft, security breaches and by-pass or bending of security controls. Virtualized Technology Due to the cloud virtualization, service providers reside their users applications on virtual machines based on shared infrastructure. The virtual machines are not designed to accommodate a multitenant architecture and are based on the physical hardware of the cloud provider (Karthick et. al., 2011). Overlooked flaws in technology have enabled guest operating systems to obtain unauthorized levels of control and influence on the platform. In order to maintain the security of the users, service providers are isolating their VMs to prevent one malicious VM from affecting the others under the same provider. In order to provide virtual memory as well as schedule CPU caches policies to VMs, VMs are managed by hypervisor. In addition, since the hypervisor is the main way of managing a virtualized cloud platform, hackers are targeting it in order to gain access to VMs and physical hardware because it resides in between the two (Siani, 2009). This means that an attack on hypervisor can damage both the VMs and hardware. Service providers should employ strong isolation to ensure that VMs are not able to access or affect the operations of other users running under the same cloud service provider. Moreover, service providers should implement the best practices for configuration and monitor the environment for unauthorized activity. The authentication and access operations should be strengthened in addition to enforcing procedures for patching and vulnerability remediation. Vulnerability scanning and configuration audits should also be promoted. Data Loss or Leakage Data loss refers to compromised data that may include deletion or alteration of records without first making a backup of the original content which can be intentional or unintentional (Farell, 2008). It can also occur in the course of unlinking part of a record from the larger context, unauthorized access of confidential data and loss of an encoding key. Data loss and leakage can result from various issues including: operational failures; inconsistent use of encryption keys; authorization and audit controls; political issues; disposal challenges; insufficient authentication; inconsistent software keys; persistence and remanence challenges; risk of association; disaster recovery and unreliable data storage (Tim et.al., 2009). Unreliable data storage occurs when data is stored on unreliable media that will be impossible to recover if data is lost. Inconsistent use of encryption keys will lead to both loss of the data and unauthorized access of the data by illegal users, resulting to de struction of sensitive and confidential information. An example of data loss is the case of twitter hacks. Twitter online hackers accessed accounts and numerous sensitive corporate documents housed in Googles online web office service Google Docs were stolen. The security of twitter data was not efficient enough, since the entire company data was only a single password crack away from discovery. This shows the effect of a data leakage on a brand, its reputation and the trust of partners, employees and users. Loss of core intellectual property has noncompliance and legal consequences beside the competitive and financial implications involved (Farell, 2008). Cloud providers need to specify backup strategies and generate strong key generation, management, storage and destruction practices. The integrity of data in transit should be protected and such data should be encrypted if possible (Flavio Roberto, 2010). API access should be strongly controlled, while providers should be expected to wipe persistent media before releasing it into the pool. Account or Service Hijacking Account or service hijacking occurs when hackers gain unauthorized access and control users accounts usually by using stolen credentials. Such attacks include fraud, phishing and exploitation of software vulnerabilities. Attackers can use stolen credentials and spy on users sensitive activities, return falsified information, redirect information to illegitimate sites, manipulate data and hence compromise the integrity, confidentiality and availability of the cloud computing services (George, 2011). Attackers are using users accounts as a new base to leverage cloud service providers reputation by launching constant attacks. Monitoring should be proactive to detect unauthorized activity and prohibit users and services from sharing credentials. Clients should also understand the security policies of cloud providers. Unknown Risk Profile With the innovation of cloud computing, organizations are less involved with acquiring and/or maintain hardware and software. However, users need to understand software versions, code updates, intrusion attempts and other security practices (Hicks, 2009a). While these features and their functionality may be well advertised when adopting cloud-computing services, the details of compliance to the internal security procedures, patching, auditing, logging and configuration hardening may not be clear. Users need clarification about how and where their data and related logs are stored since an unknown risk profile may include serious threats. Infrastructural details should be partially or fully disclosed, as well as should the logs and data. Cloud Computing Vulnerabilities Several significant vulnerabilities exist that organizations should consider beforee they start to use cloud computing services as described below. Session Riding and Hijacking Session hijacking refers to the use of a valid session to obtain unauthorized access to the information in a computer system or theft of a user authentication cookie used in accessing a remote server. The cookie is also used in web application technologies weaknesses in the web application structure and is easily accessible to hackers, giving them an opportunity to carry out a wide variety of malicious activities (Brohi Bamiah, 2011). Session riding refers to hackers sending commands to web applications on behalf of users by tricking the targeted user. Hackers send an email to the user or coerce him to visit a specially crafted website. Session riding executes online transactions, deletes user data, and sends spam to an intranet through the internet. Other outcomes of session riding are changes to the system and network configurations as well as opening the firewall (Tim et. al., 2009). Additionally, web technologies and refinement evolve new ways of compromising data, provide access to otherwise secure networks and pose threats to the smooth running of online business. Virtual Machine Escape Cloud computing servers make use of the same web applications, OS and enterprise as localized VMs and physical servers. The probability of a malware or hacker to remotely exploit vulnerabilities in these systems and applications is a great threat to virtualized cloud computing environments (Hartig, 2009). Locating multiple VMs jointly increases the attack surface and the risk of compromise from VM to VM. Security systems should be capable of detecting intrusion and malicious activity at VM level, regardless of where the VM is located within the virtualized cloud environment. VM escape is a significant vulnerability that enables guest-level VM to attack the host VM. An attacker runs a code on a VM allowing an OS to run within it to break out and interact with the hypervisor (Schreiber, 2004). This enables an attacker to access the host OS and all other VMs running on that particular host. The complexity of Hypervisors and VMs may increase the threat to attack surface that weakens security, such as check pointing, migration of VMs and paging. Reliability and Availability of Service Another significant cloud computing vulnerability is reliability and availability. In the event of glitches in infrastructure such as failure to cloud storage, data may be inaccessible or even lost (Flavio Roberto, 2010). With more services being developed on top of cloud, computing infrastructures, a failure or outage can create a domino effect by interrupting many internets based applications and services. This raises questions such as what forms of settlement exist for stakeholders in cases of failures, what is the responsibility of cloud providers and what procedures should be put in place to overcome these issues. Insecure Cryptography Organizations have come up with algorithms and cryptographic mechanisms as means to secure their data. However, attackers have discovered means to decode these security mechanisms and hack them. This is so because it is common for crucial flaws to exist in the implementation of cryptographic algorithms, which can change strong encryption into weak encryption that is vulnerable to attack (Spitzner, 2011). Although VMs provide more flexible and efficient set-up than traditional servers in cloud providers data centers, they still lack enough access to generate random numbers required to properly encrypt a data, and this becomes a big problem. How do computers generate truly random numbers that cannot be replicated or guessed? In PCs, mouse movements and key strokes are monitored by an OS to gather bits of a data that is collected in an entropy pool (Underwood, 2012). In servers with neither a mouse nor a keyboard, random numbers are pulled from the movements of the computers hard drive. According to Schreiber (2004), the random numbers gathered from the movements of VMs internal clock is not enough to generate strong encryption keys. Data Protection and Portability Services are offered on contractual bases between a client and the provider. However, it is not clear what happens when the contract is terminated and the client does not want to continue. Is the clients sensitive data going to be deleted or is it going to be misused by the provider. The other issue is what would happen to the services and the clients data if the provider were to go out of business for any reason. Data portability therefore becomes a main weakness in cloud computing (Karthick et. al., 2011) Vendor Lock In New business models and immature service providers has raised the risk of business failure. Lock-in makes a client unable to deal with another provider without a good amount of switching costs due to dependence on one provider for products and services. Before the process of selecting a provider, clients need to be sure of their potential provider (Hartig, 2009). Clients may also remain locked in to one provider due to lack of standards. They do not have the freedom to migrate easily from one provider to another because of the heterogeneous policies and standards set by each provider. Cloud computing is dependent on the internet technology where users access services via the web browser. With internet outage, critical clients systems and operations such as healthcare that are supposed to run 24 hours cannot be accessed, and the outcome could be disastrous. Cloud computing is flexible, multi-shared and scalable with a high capacity that gives business an innovative shape. However, these benefits are reduced by the vulnerabilities and threats that face the cloud. Significant contributions are required to ensure the safety of this technology and its development (Siani, 2009). In-depth security mechanisms and policies need to be designed to counter these threats and vulnerabilities and ensure the security of users and maintain their trust. Buy custom Cloud Computing essay

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Essay Example

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Essay Example The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Paper The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Paper In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Britain needed a new imperial design, but the situation in America was anything but favorable to change. Long accustomed to a large measure of independence, the colonies were demanding more, not less, freedom, particularly now that the French menace had been eliminated. To put a new system into effect, and to tighten control, Parliament had to contend with colonists trained in self-government and impatient with interference. One of the thefirst things that British attempted was the organization of the interior. The conquest of Canada and of the Ohio Valley necessitated policies that would not alienate the French and Indian inhabitants. But here the Crown came into conflict with the interests of the colonies. Fast increasing in population, and needing more land for settlement, various colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries as far west as the Mississippi River. The British government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke a series of Indian wars, believed that the lands should be opened to colonists on a more gradual basis. Restricting movement was also a way of ensuring royal control over existing settlements before allowing the formation of new ones. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the western territory between the Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans. Thus the Crown attempted to sweep away every western land claim of the 13 colonies and to stop westward expansion. Though never effectively enforced, this measure, in the eyes of the colonists, constituted a high-handed disregard of their most elementary right to occupy and settle western lands. More serious in its repercussions was the new financial policy of the British government, which needed more money to support its growing empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply all money for the colonies’ defense, revenues would have to be.

Unit 6 seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 6 seminar - Research Paper Example Letter O is used to depict or rather show or represent measurements. In cases where same measurements or observations are done the O is considered sufficient enough for representation. In another instance where same set of measures is what is given at every point in time in a study the O can be sufficient enough to represent the entire set of measurements. The letter R is used to depict or rather show or represent a group that has been randomly assigned and if the group is not randomly assigned the N is used i.e. for a nonrandom assigned group while C shows groups assigned used cutoff score on a measurement. Measurement and observation – occurs when measurements are not carries out and demonstrations are not done at all hence not ascertaining or having a strong alternate relationship especially for the cause and effect relationship. Maturation is the process that occurs within subjects and act as a function of the passage of time for instance projects that lasts for a few years will have more participants improve on their performance the treatment

Idea refinement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Idea refinement - Essay Example Therefore, using this mobile application, students will be in a position to hire the services of better tutors and get customized services. From the interview, the challenges associated with academic resource centers include less dedicated tutors who arrive late to work and want to leave earlier. Therefore, as the interviewee’s roommate explained, he learnt nothing. Though the services offered by independent tutors are expensive, going for about $40 per hour, one is guaranteed of better services. The services offered were from a qualified individual, PhD level. According to Hock, Pulvers, Deshler & Schumaker tutoring programs are key in improving the outcomes of students (172). This program therefore serves not only to link the tutors and the students but also to improve the quality of the services offered by such tutors making it a very timely idea in the education sector. Hock, Michael, Pulvers, Kim, Deshler, Donald and Schumaker, Jean. The Effects of an After- School Tutoring Program on the Academic Performance of At-Risk Students and Students with LD, Remedial and Special Education, 22(3), pp.

John Rawls - Political Liberalism - Choose 1 out of 2 suggested topics Essay

John Rawls - Political Liberalism - Choose 1 out of 2 suggested topics - Essay Example The idea explains political liberalism in a democratic society. It is evident that, in a democratic society, each person’s world view is valid and acceptable. The confusion here is that, if each person’s opinion of the world is diverse, it is a miracle how they live in the same society, sharing common laws. The idea of public reason explains how the society is able to maintain political liberalism. It shows that the public reason plays an important role in ensuring constitutional democracy. Below is a description of the connection between public understanding and political liberalism, which also illustrates its role in the constitutional democracy. Rawls’ political liberalism is all about the liberal conception of the role of justice. Rawls argues that because the society has competing conceptions of the good, the government should be neutral when it comes to support such conceptions. This is where he develops the idea of public reason, to explain the existence of political liberty even with the existence of different people with different views and beliefs. A political liberty comes with a democratic society, but within a democratic society, people still have to be coerced to specific laws. One law for so many people, yet they have differences. Rawls uses public reason to explain how it ensures constitutional democracy (Rawls 213). In order to understand how public reason helps a society achieve political liberty, it is important to describe what it is, as conceptualized by Rawls. It is also essential to comprehend what a democratic society means. A democratic society is a free society. A free society is composed of citizens with dissimilar worldviews. People have different conceptions about what is wrong or right; people have different religious beliefs, and people value various forms and pursuits of interpersonal relations. Democratic people will have different aims in life and will want to act according to their beliefs, yet in a

Assess the future prospects for British banks Essay

Assess the future prospects for British banks - Essay Example banks provide extremely good value for customers unlike in other countries where customers pay both to have bank account and for the services they use whereas in U.K. banks, they provide free banking including access to free debit card, free access to ATM’S, free use of cheques, internet banking etc. Their charges are transparent and are advised to customers when they open the account. Banks generally publish their tariff charges also. London is both home to the world headquarters of the major British banks, and the host to major trading activities of both US and Continental European banks. London today is with 264 foreign banks and has 20 % of international bank lending. So it becomes the largest center for cross border banking. British banks account for 5 of the worlds top 20 by market capitalization, while there are 7 in the rest of Europe, 6 in America, and the remaining 2 are Japanese (Smallwood, 2005). The development of a number of world-class British-based banks successes is based on their own competitiveness, and not on any degree of government subvention or protection. A consequence of this is that London is, and is likely to remain for at least some appreciable time, the most international of capital market centers. The UK accounts for 60 per cent of primary international bond trading, and 70 per cent of secondary. There are more companies listed on the London Stock Exchange than on either the New York or Tokyo exchanges. In the OTC derivatives market, the UK accounts for over 40 per cent of global trade, compared with 24 per cent for the US, 10 per cent for France, and 3 per cent for Germany. Our fund management and insurance industries are both the third largest in the world, behind those of the US and Japan. The good news is the present strength of banks: a high level of profitability, strong levels of capital, and risk management, which has

FILMSCORES INELIGIBLE FOR THE ACADEMY AWARDS Essay

FILMSCORES INELIGIBLE FOR THE ACADEMY AWARDS - Essay Example e composers who have worked extra hard to develop original scores with other music producers who have just edited other people’s work to come up with film soundtracks. If I may use the example of Crash, the 2005 winner of Best Picture at the Academy Awards, the soundtrack of the film was an original composition by Mark Isham that was later released the music labels Gut and Colosseum (Bridges 25). The soundtrack contributed significantly to the success of the film. Placing such an original score together with un-original pieces is obviously unfair. Another reason why that this be adopted is because doing so will provide clear boundaries of what is original and what is not. Establishment of the two categories will pressure the Academy to properly redefine the terms that a particular composition should reach for it to be considered original or not. This will consequently eliminate cases like the one experienced recently where the music scores for the films, The Black Swan, The Fighter and True Grit were disqualified on the basis of being unoriginal. Establishment of the two distinct categories will also encourage composers who feel that they can add something fresh to previously produced pieces and come up with outstanding film scores. As I have indicated earlier, the score of a film plays an important role in its success level and therefore, let me compare and contrast the scores of two films that have been hugely successful this year. One is the Ben Affleck directed thriller â€Å"Argo’’ and the latest installation of the James Bond series â€Å"Sky fall’’. Both films are predominantly characterized and accompanied by original film scores. In the case of Argo, the renowned Alexandre Desplat has scored the film (Bridges 17). The score features many orchestral elements and easy concessions that are easily listenable to common people. Its opening cue comprises a rich sound filled with Persian Instrumentation that is very flavorful and therefore resonates with

The European Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The European Dimension - Essay Example Marks & Spencer was named as the leading UK retailer responsible for fish sourcing by Greenpeace, and Marine Conservation Society. Similarly, RSPCA recognised them for their animal welfare policy and launch of a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton in clothing. Marks & Spencer has been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Goods index. They converted all the roast, ground, and instant coffee to Fairtrade, and became the first major UK high street retailer to launch a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton (An extract from the Chairman’s speech on the occasion of CSR) (Marks & Spencer-The Company, www2.marksandspencer.com [Accessed 20 August 2006]). Marks & Spencer work to protect the environment and animal welfare, and have made huge contributions in the development of community services in countries where they have their presence. The company’s hard work has seen them included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Good Indexes and ranked equal 20th with a score of 95% in Business in the Community’s Corporate Responsibility Index (Marks & Spencer-The Company). They manage CSR under Product, People and Places. The United Kingdom, from the census gathered from 2001 showed the total population of the country at 58789194 of which, 28579869 were men, and 30209325 were women. At the same time London, based on data released on or before 13 February 2003 showed a population of 7172091.

Assess the future prospects for British banks Essay

Assess the future prospects for British banks - Essay Example banks provide extremely good value for customers unlike in other countries where customers pay both to have bank account and for the services they use whereas in U.K. banks, they provide free banking including access to free debit card, free access to ATM’S, free use of cheques, internet banking etc. Their charges are transparent and are advised to customers when they open the account. Banks generally publish their tariff charges also. London is both home to the world headquarters of the major British banks, and the host to major trading activities of both US and Continental European banks. London today is with 264 foreign banks and has 20 % of international bank lending. So it becomes the largest center for cross border banking. British banks account for 5 of the worlds top 20 by market capitalization, while there are 7 in the rest of Europe, 6 in America, and the remaining 2 are Japanese (Smallwood, 2005). The development of a number of world-class British-based banks successes is based on their own competitiveness, and not on any degree of government subvention or protection. A consequence of this is that London is, and is likely to remain for at least some appreciable time, the most international of capital market centers. The UK accounts for 60 per cent of primary international bond trading, and 70 per cent of secondary. There are more companies listed on the London Stock Exchange than on either the New York or Tokyo exchanges. In the OTC derivatives market, the UK accounts for over 40 per cent of global trade, compared with 24 per cent for the US, 10 per cent for France, and 3 per cent for Germany. Our fund management and insurance industries are both the third largest in the world, behind those of the US and Japan. The good news is the present strength of banks: a high level of profitability, strong levels of capital, and risk management, which has

The European Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The European Dimension - Essay Example Marks & Spencer was named as the leading UK retailer responsible for fish sourcing by Greenpeace, and Marine Conservation Society. Similarly, RSPCA recognised them for their animal welfare policy and launch of a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton in clothing. Marks & Spencer has been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Goods index. They converted all the roast, ground, and instant coffee to Fairtrade, and became the first major UK high street retailer to launch a range of clothing made from Fairtrade certified cotton (An extract from the Chairman’s speech on the occasion of CSR) (Marks & Spencer-The Company, www2.marksandspencer.com [Accessed 20 August 2006]). Marks & Spencer work to protect the environment and animal welfare, and have made huge contributions in the development of community services in countries where they have their presence. The company’s hard work has seen them included in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE 4 Good Indexes and ranked equal 20th with a score of 95% in Business in the Community’s Corporate Responsibility Index (Marks & Spencer-The Company). They manage CSR under Product, People and Places. The United Kingdom, from the census gathered from 2001 showed the total population of the country at 58789194 of which, 28579869 were men, and 30209325 were women. At the same time London, based on data released on or before 13 February 2003 showed a population of 7172091.

The State and Local Government of Illinois Essay Example for Free

The State and Local Government of Illinois Essay Illinois is a state in the northern central of U.S., a center of Midwest, which entered the Union on December 3, 1818 making it the 21st state of the US (Illinois Encarta). Illinois’ economy has increased or developed, until now Illinois is the most dynamic and prolific in terms of its industrial and agricultural characteristics. Illinois is the 5th most populous and diverse state in the Midwest in terms of demography. Chicago is in the northeastern side, tiny industrial cities in the and huge agricultural part in the western and central Illinois, and a lot of natural resources like petroleum and coal in the southern part can   be found. Illinois is also an essential or significant transportation center having the â€Å"Port of Chicago† connecting the Mississippi to the Great Lakes through the Illinois River, and is also is surrounded by compact networks of highways, waterways, railroads, and air routes, which most of it unite or meet on the metropolis of Chicago, the third largest city in the United States. Illinois is consisted of two sections or partitions, and these are Chicago and the downstate or the smaller communities managing to keep their distinctive characteristics. Illinois is divided or separated into 4 major natural regions and these include the Central Lowland, the Ozark Plateaus, The Golf Coastal Plain, and the Interior Low Plateaus. Except for some short streams, nearly all the rivers and streams flow west or southward to the Ohio River or to the Mississippi River, joining the Mississippi close to Cairo in the southern part. Illinois’ climate is composed of cold winters and hot summers, with polar masses moving south to the state of Canada during winters and warm air masses moving up from Mexican Gulf during summers. The average July temperature in Illinois ranging from 24 degrees Celsius in the northeastern Illinois to above 26 degrees Celsius in the southern part wile January averages range from less than -4 degrees Celsius in the northwestern side to above 1 degrees Celsius in the south (Illinois Encarta).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two top crops grown in the state with respect to value and quantity are soybeans and corns, ranking Illinois as the 2nd primary state its production. Illinois is placed 4th in the country as an industrial state next after California, Texas, and Ohio, based on the Illinois’ industry contribution to the country’s income, with which most manufacturing is done in the Chicago area. Illinois’ urban and industrial areas need huge amounts of electricity with which 51% is supplied or generated through steam driven power plants through the use of coal and 48% is through its 6 nuclear power plants (Illinois Encarta). Chicago is the center of intricate systems of highways waterways, airlines, railroads, and gas and oil pipelines; making Chicago the major or main center of trucking activities in U.S. According to the national census of 2000, Illinois is the 5th most populous state in the US, having a total population of about 12, 419, 293, and having an 8.6% increase compared to the 1990 census, with 88% are living in urban areas (Illinois Encarta). School attendance in Illinois was made obligatory since 1883 and is now oblige for all children 7 to 17 to go to school, resulting to $9851 expenses per student as of 2002-2003 (Illinois Encarta). Illinois: Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illinois first constitution was adopted in the year 1818 and new constitutions have been adopted in 1848 and 1870, and a 4th constitution was adopted in 1970 concerning the 20th century industrialized state and responsibility for financing public education (Illinois Encarta). Illinois’’ State Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illinois’ state government is composed of an executive, legislative, and judiciary, in the executive, the governor is the states chief executive who is elected for a 4 year term and has the power to appoint key officials of the state administrative agencies and department upon the approval of the state senate. The governor has the power to veto bills approved by the legislature, but the legislature can overrule or ignore such veto by 3/5 majority vote of each house’ members. Other elected officials of the executive who are elected for a 4 year term are the attorney general, comptroller, treasurer, secretary of the state, and the lieutenant governor. On the legislative, the state legislature known as the General Assembly which is composed of the House of Representatives and a Senate, having 59 Senators and 1189 Representatives. Representatives are all elected to serve to 2 year terms while the senators are elected to either 2 or 4 year term. The assembly meeting is annually held on the 2nd Wednesday of January, and the governor or the presiding officer of both houses may call special meetings or assembly. The Judiciary of Illinois has 3 types of courts, namely, the circuit courts, the appellate courts, and the supreme courts. The Supreme Court is the states’ highest court composed of 7 judges who are elected for 10 year terms, and the 3 judges are elected from Cook County including Chicago, and 1 judge from each of the 4 other districts. The Judges elect one as chief justice who will serve for 3 years unless the person’s term as a judge ends and the judges of the states appellate court are also elected for 10 year terms. Circuits are Judges elected for 6 year terms and they in turn designates associate judges for 4 year terms. Illinois Local Government An elected county board is the main policy making body of each of the 102 Illinois counties. A county board is voted in each county and the number of members of the county board is set by ordinance in each county. The members of the Cook County Board are elected from 2 districts such as Chicago and outside Chicago. In the local government, there are called county officers who have the responsibilities and power given by the law and by the county ordinance. The president of the Cook County Board is elected from the county having the power as the chief executive officer of the county and each county has a sheriff, a treasurer, and a county clerk who will serve for 4 year terms, and they may assign or vote recorder, coroner, auditor, assessor, and other officials. The treasurer of the county may perform as a treasurer of any school district or local government in his respective county if a school district asked for it. In the local government there are also Home Rule Units or a municipality with a population of more than 25000 and has an elective executive. A Home Rule Unit doesn’t have the authority to acquire liabilities from ad valorem property tax receipts that will mature in 40 years, and doesn’t have the authority to give a penalty of a felony (Constitution of†¦). Home rule units only have the power to punish offenders by imprisonment for more than 6 months or impose taxes based on occupants’ earnings. A home Rule Unit has the power to adopt, repel, or alter a form of government subject to the approval by referendum, and has the power to provide for its officers their manner of selection or terms of office through the approval by a referendum. Municipalities and counties which are not Home Rule Units have only powers given by the law and the powers to have improvements in their locality by especial assessments. Special districts and units, townships, school districts, and appointed by law as local government units only have the authority given by the law. Chicago and most other cities have their mayor and a council form of government. Most of the medium size cities in Illinois have their chosen or selected professional city manager, and most villages are managed by the board president and Board of trustees. Works Cited â€Å"Constitution of the State of Illinois.† n.d.. Illinois Handbook of Government, 18 December 2007 http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/handbook/ilconstitution.pdf. â€Å"Illinois.† 2007.   Illinois MSN Encarta, 19 December 2007 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566615/Illinois.html. â€Å"Illinois Compiled Statutes.† 2007.   Illinois General Assembly Illinois Compiled Statutes, 19 December 2007 http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp. â€Å"Illinois Government.† 2007.   Illinois.gov Illinois Government Judiciary, 19 December 2007 http://www.illinois.gov/government/judiciary.cfm.

The Roles Of Design User Interfaces

The Roles Of Design User Interfaces Projects of different sizes have different ways and requirements on how the people are organized. In a small project, little organization structure is needed. There might be a primary sponsor, project manager and a project team. The Designer is responsible for understanding the business requirements and designing a solution that will meet the business needs. There are many potential solutions that will meet the clients needs. The designer determines the best approach. The work of the designer is then handed off to the programmers and other people who will construct the solution based on the design specifications. Terms of appointment of design team and contractors should clearly identify roles and responsibilities. Qns:2 What are the roles and responsibilities of the content creators in a project team? Ans:- Content creation can start when the editors are prepared, and when the technical environment is sufficiently ready. The content work will then most likely continue beyond the technical delivery and acceptance of the Web site. Content can be of many kinds but is typically text and images in different formats web pages, documents , sounds, animations etc.A person who is responsible for entering content for a subject matter expert or for a group of subject matter experts. Content contributors ensure content is up-to-date and adheres to the Writing Style Guide and Graphic Standards. Qns:3 What are the roles and responsibilities of the programmers and coders in a project team? Ans:- A programmer, computer programmer or coder is someone who writes computer software.The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. A programmers primary computer language is often prefixed to the above titles, and those who work in a web environment often prefix their titles with web. The term programmer can be used to refer to a software developer, software engineer, computer scientist, or software analyst. The programmer builds the web sites functionality the things it can do. A web project may need just one or a number of different programmers, depending on the size of the site, what you want it to do, and which programming languages are required to make it work. Qns:4 What are the roles and responsibilities of the information architects in a project team? Ans:- In the Web industry, the architect title has long been hogged by Information Architects, and the Web Architect is generally called Tech Lead. That name is problematic, however, because it implies that the lead has evident authority on the development team, when the reality is often one of much responsibility, little authority: the tech lead seldom has authority by virtue of being a manager.Architects provide services that are designed to eliminate the most common causes of IT project failure. They work with management, business and IT staff to build solid project teams. Qns:5 What is the relationship between the technical and creative aspects and requirements of interactive media projects? Ans:- It allows to work in teams and produce an interactive media project that culminates in Both technical and creative aspects will be emphasized. Its communication,team work and literacy skills sufficient to interpret and clarify project specifications. Its roles and responsibilities of project team members e.g. designers, content creators, architects, programmers and coders. Sound understanding of the relationship between technical and creative aspects and requirements of interactive media projects. Qns:6 List 3 of the issues and challenges that arise in designing user interfaces? Ans:- 3D user inter-faces provide an attractive approach to support the user. Upcoming interaction techniquesenable faster and more intuitive interaction in comparison to standard interfaces. As 3D UserInterfaces gain more capabilities, new challenges and problems arise. But in the course of time upcoming technologies extended the standard parts of interfaces, so human-computer interaction in which the user tasks are performed directly in a 3D spatial context are enabled. This means the user interacts within the computer environment. Hence, in terms of 3D interaction the user is not interacting through an interface, he can actually be seen as a part of the interface. Qns:7 What are the principles of the visual design and communication, including user -centered design principles? Ans:- When evaluating a current user interface, or designing a new user interface, it is important to keep in mind the following experimental design principles: user-centered design (UCD) is a modern, widely practiced design philosophy rooted in the idea that users must take center-stage in the design of any computer system. Users, designers and technical practitioners work together to articulate the wants, needs and limitations of the user and create a system that addresses these elements. Often, user-centered design projects are informed by ethnographic studies of the environments in which users will be interacting with the system. This practice is similar but not identical to Participatory Design which emphasizes the possibility for end-users to contribute actively through shared design sessions and workshops. Principles of User Interface Design: these are seven principles that may be considered at any time during the design of a user interface in any order, namely Tolerance, Simplicity, Visibility, Affordance, Consistency, Structure and Feedback. Qns:8 What are the technical parameters of various platforms and how this impact on user interface designs? Ans:- Responsible for assuring that user interfaces to all HHS products and services designs, prototypes, and specifications across multiple platforms while working across multiple platforms; design and conduct usability tests at various stages The work of the incumbent will impact information dissemination . Being hardly more than data enclosures in XML files, the technical concept of podcasting and RSS feeds is very simpleandhardly anything that could be calledinnovative purely in atechnologicalsense.Podcasts, as well as RSS (often calledReally Simple Syndication but various alternative meanings also exist:Every aspect of the users interaction with a product, service, or companythat make up the users perceptions of the whole. User experience designas a discipline is concerned with all the elements that together make upthat interface, including layout, visual design, text, brand, sound, and interaction. Qns:9 What are the typical formats and techniques for documenting user interface designs? Ans:- In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved. Many patterns imply object-orientation or more generally mutable state, and so may not be as applicable in functional programming languages, in which data is immutable or treated as such.Design patterns reside in the domain of modules and interconnections. At a higher level there are architectural patterns that are larger in scope, usually describing an overall pattern followed by an entire system.[1] Qns:10 What are the OHS standards as they relate to working for periods of time on computers? Ans:- Occupational Health And Safety:- Their workstation set up correctly, they are working ergonomically soundly but they seem to forget that working firms and companies must comply with the laws, standards and regulations which .. from a series of events over a period of time.

Ayn Rand - A False Romantic Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Ayn Rand - A False Romantic The Romantic period at its height extended over just a bit more than a century, from the latter half of the eighteenth century through to nearly the end of the nineteenth century. During this period, a new school of poetry was forged, and with it, a new moral philosophy. But, as the nineteenth century wound down, the Romantic movement seemed to be proving itself far more dependent on the specific cultural events it spanned than many believed; that is, the movement was beginning to wind down in time with the ebbing of the industrial and urban boom in much the same way that the movement grew out of the initial period of industrial and urban growth. Thus, it would be easy to classify the Romantic movement as inherently tied to its cultural context. The difficulty, then, comes when poets and authors outside of this time period-and indeed in contexts quite different then those of the original Romantic poets-begin to label themselves as Romantics. The twentieth century author Ayn Rand, author of works such as The Fountainhead, Anthem, and Atlas Shrugged, is one such example of a self-labeled Romantic. In 1971 Rand published a collection of essays in a book she titled The Romantic Manifesto. This series of essays, with topics ranging from romantic art to the nature of a novel, carefully lays out Rand's conception of Romanticism and her place within it. The question one must ask, then, is how does Rand manage to write a work of nearly two hundred pages on the nature of Romanticism without ever once mentioning any of the key Romantic poets: Keats, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and so on. The obvious answer would seem to be that Rand's conception of Romanticism must be diametrically opposed to that of... ...us, while one may draw valuable insights about some of the potential flaws of the Romantic's ideals and philosophy through a comparison with Rand, in the end it truly is a comparison of Rand and the Romantics, not a comparison of Rand and her fellow Romantics. Works Cited Bloom, Harold and Lionel Trilling, eds. Romantic Poetry and Prose. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Dutton, 1957. Rand, Ayn. The Romantic Manifesto. New York: Signet Publishing, 1975. Footnotes: 1 Preface to Lyrical Ballad; Bloom & Trilling, p. 595 2 Preface; Bloom & Trilling, p. 596 3 Biographia Literaria; Bloom & Trilling, p. 649 4 A Defence of Poetry; Bloom & Trilling, p. 751 5 The Romantic Manifesto; Rand, p. 103 6 The Romantic Manifesto; Rand, p. 122 7 Atlas Shrugged; Rand, p. 282-283 8 Atlas Shrugged; Rand, p. 1036 Â